NINTH CENSUS OF QUEENLSAND,

TAKEN ON THE

THRITY-FIRST OF MARCH, 1901

PRESENTED TO SOUTH HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT BY COMMAND.

BRISBANE:

BY AUTHORITY: GEORGE ARTHUR VAUGHAN, GOVERNMNET PRINTER, WILLIAM STREET.

1902.

CENSUS OF QUEENSLAND.

REPORT BY THE REGISTRAR-GENERAL,

WITH

SUMMARY AND DETAILED TABLES, ILLUSTRATIVE MAPS, AND DIAGRAM.

NINTH ENUMERATION OF POPULATION MADE ON THE 31ST OF MARCH, 1901.

BRSBANE:

BY AUTHORITY : GEORGE ARTHUR VAUGHAN, GOVERNMNET PRINTER, WILLIAM STREET.

1902.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

REPORT BY REGISTRAR-GENERAL

Map of Queensland showing Boundaries of Census Districts

PART I.—POPULATION—GENERAL SUMMARIES.

Synoptical Table

I.—Total Population, Numbers, and by Sexes

II.—Increase of Population, by Sexes, at each Census Enumeration 1861 to 1901

III.—Centesimal Rate of Increase of Population, by Sexes, each Enumeration ; also Centesimal Rate of Increase 1861 to 1901, and Proportion Females bear to each 100 Males at each Enumeration

IV.—Total Population each Census District ; also, Number of Chinese, Pacific Islanders, Japanese, India and Ceylon (coloured), Other Alien Races, Aborigines and Half-castes

V.—Number of Coloured Population—Census Enumerations 1891 and 1901

VI.—Dwellings and Inhabitants at Census Enumerations of 1891 and 1901

VII.—Dwellings and Inhabitants at each of the Census Enumerations of 1861 to 1901

VIII.—Increase of Dwellings and Inhabitants, 1861 to 1901, Centesimal Increase of Population and Average Number of Inhabitants to a Dwelling

IX.—Total Population in Municipalities and Shires, with Increase and Decrease in 1901, 1891, and 1886

X.—Population by Sexes, in each Division under the Divisional Boards Act, on 31st March, 1901

XI.—Total Population in each Financial Division of Queensland, according to the Census of 1886, 1891, and 1901 ; also Increase and Decrease in Quinquennial and Decennial Periods

XII.—Population, by Sexes, in each Census District ; also, Percentage of Males and Females to Persons Enumerated in each District

XIII.—Total Population in each Census District, Minors and Adults, by Sexes ; also, Male and Female Chinese, Pacific Islanders, Japanese, Natives of India and Ceylon (coloured), Other Alien Races and Aborigines (both Minors and Adults); the Number of Adult Males and Females, exclusive of Adult Male and Female Chinese, &c., Prisoners, Lunatics, and Inmates of Charitable Institutions

XIV.—Number of Chinese, Pacific Islanders, Japanese, Natives of India and Ceylon (coloured), &c., &c., and Inmates of Charitable Institutions, and Prisoners, in each Census District, 1901

XV.—Comparative Number of Chinese, Pacific Islanders, Japanese, &c., &c., and Inmates of Charitable Institutions, and Prisoners, Census Enumerations of 1891 and 1901

XVI.—Number of Public Institutions in each Census District, and the Number of Inmates, including Officers and their Families, residing in each Institution—Census of 1901

XVII.—Summary of Persons, Males, and Females in the several Public Institutions at the Census of 1901

XVIII.—Return of all Half-castes, with Percentage ; also, Percentage to Population of District

XIX.—Population in Electoral Districts ; Number of Minors and Adults ; also, Number of Chinese, Pacific Islanders, Japanese, &c., &c., Prisoners, Lunatics, and Inmates of Charitable Institutions in each Electorate ; also, Total Adults (Males and Females), exclusive of Adult Male and Female Chinese, Pacific Islanders, Japanese, &c., &c., Prisoners, Lunatics, and Inmates of Charitable Institutions

XX.—Population of Electoral Districts, as formed from Census Districts ; also, Total Adults

XXI.—Population of City and Suburbs of Brisbane, within a Radius of Ten Miles from the General Post Office—Census 1891 and 1901

XXII.—Total Population contained within certain Municipalities ; also, the Area, Number of Persons to the Square Mile, and Population within a Radius of Five Miles from Post Office of each of the several Towns—Census 1901

XXIII.—Population of Towns containing 100 Inhabitants and upwards, alphabetically arranged, and the Census District in which situated, other than Municipalities and Shires

XXIV.—Name and Population of all Towns in each Census District, other than Municipalities and Shires which contain a Population of 100 Persons and upwards ; also, List of Towns and Township Reserves which contain less than 100 Persons

XXV.—Percentage of Sexes, Proportion of Females to every 100 Males, and Proportion of Persons and Sexes to Total Population

PART II.—Area of State and Distribution of Population.

XXVI.—Area in Square Miles, Dwellings, and Population

XXVII.—Area in each Census District in Square Miles, and Number of Persons to a Square Mile at the Enumerations of 1891 and 1901

XXVIII.—Area and Number of Inhabited Dwellings to a Square Mile in each Census District at the Enumerations of 1891 and 1901

XXIX.—Number of Dwellings Inhabited and Uninhabited in each Census District at the Enumerations of 1891 and 1901

XXX.—Number and Description of Habitations in each Census District at the Enumerations of 1891 and 1901

XXXI.—Number and Description of Dwellings in Municipalities, Boroughs, and Shires

XXXII.—Number and Description of Dwellings in each Division, under Divisional Boards Act

XXXIII.—Number and Description of Dwellings, and Number of Rooms in each

XXXIV.—Number and Description of Dwellings in each Census District, and Number of Rooms in each Dwelling

XXXV.—Number and Description of Ships and Vessels in Queensland Waters on Night of 31st March, 1901, the Locality of such Ships and Vessels, and Number of Persons Aboard

XXXVI.—Average Number of Persons to an Inhabited Dwelling in each Census District at the Enumerations of 1891 and 1901

XXXVII.—Population on Goldfields, and the Census Districts in which they are situated

PART III.—Ages of the Population.

XXXVIII.—Number of Minors in Population divided into Children and Youths ; also, Number of Adults, divided into Age Periods, 21 to 50 years and from 50 and upwards ; also, showing those whose Age was not stated

XXXIX.—Proportion of Sexes at each Quinquennial Age Period up to 60 years, and Decennially from 60 to 100 years ; also, Proportion of Sexes—Census 1886, 1891, and 1901

XL.—Number of Persons, Males, and Females at each Quinquennial Period of Age up to 60 years, and thence Decennially to 100 years—Census 1886, 1891, and 1901

XLI.—Proportion per cent. of Persons at each Age Period Quinquennial Period of Age up to 60 years, and thence Decennially to 100 years—Census of 1886, 1891, and 1901

XLII.—Ages of Males Enumerated in each Census District—Census 1901

XLIII.—Ages of Females Enumerated in each Census District—Census 1901

XLIV.—Ages of Persons Enumerated in each Census District—Census 1901

XLV.—Number and Age of Males and Females Enumerated in each Subdivision of Census Districts

XLVI.—Number of Chinese at different Age Periods in each Census District

XLVII.—Number of Pacific Islanders at different Age Periods in each Census District

XLVIII.—Number of Japanese at different Age Periods in each Census District

XLIX.—Number of India and Ceylon Natives (coloured) at different Age Periods in each Census District

L.—Number of other Alien Races at different Age Periods in each Census District

LI.—Number of Aborigines and Half-castes at different Age Periods in each Census District

PART IV.—Birthplaces of the Population.

LII.—Comparison of the Number of Persons, Males, and Females born in the several Countries named in the Table, as returned at the Census Enumerations of 1861, 1864, 1868, 1871, 1876, 1881, 1886, 1891, and 1901 respectively

LIII.—Birthplaces of the Population as returned—Census Enumerations 1861 to 1901

LIV.—Proportion that Persons, Males, and Females of each Nationality bear to the Total Population—Census Enumerations 1861 to 1901

LV.—Birthplaces of the Population (Males and Females) residing in each Census District

LVI.—Showing in detail the names of Countries included in Table No. LV. under the headings "Other British Possessions," " Other Countries in Europe," " Other States in America," " Other Countries in Asia," " Other Parts of Africa," and " Other Countries not Previously Named

PART V.—Education of the Population.

LVII.—Number of Persons of different Degrees of Education—Census Enumerations 1861 to 1901

LVIII.—Proportion per cent. of each Degree of Education—Census Enumerations 1861 to 1901

LIX.—Degree of Education of the Population at different Ages

LX.—Number of Males and Females possessing different Degrees of Education at the Census of 1901, and Proportion per cent. that Males and Females of each Degree of Education bear to the Total Number of each Sex, in the several Census Districts

LXI.—Number of Males who can Read and Write at different Ages in each Census District

LXII.—Number of Females who can Read and Write at different Ages in each Census District

LXIII.—Number of Males who can Read only at different Ages in each Census District

LXIV.—Number of Females who can Read only at different Ages in each Census District

LXV.—Number of Males who cannot Read or Write at different Ages in each Census District

LXVI.—Number of Females who cannot Read or Write at different Ages in each Census District

LXVII.—Number of Males whose Degree of Education was not specified at different Ages in each Census District

LXVIII.—Number of Females whose Degree of Education was not specified at different Ages in each Census District

LXIX.—Degree of Education in Age Periods of Persons born in Australian States

LXX.—Number of Children between the Age of 6 and 12 years returned as attending State and other Schools, each Census District

LXXI.—Centesimal Proportion of Males and Females at certain Age Periods in each Census District who could Read and Write, could Read only, who could not Read or Write, and whose Degree of Education was not stated

LXXII.—Number of Persons possessed of each Degree of Education at different Age Periods, inclusive and also exclusive of Chinese, Pacific Islanders, Japanese, Natives of India and Ceylon (coloured), Other Alien Races, and Aborigines

PART VI.—Civil or Conjugal Condition of the Population.

LXXIII.—Comparative Table, showing Number of Persons, Males, and Females Never Married, Married, Widowed, Divorced, and those whose Condition was not stated—Census Enumerations 1861 to 1901

LXXIV.—Centesimal Proportion to the Total Population at each Census Period, 1861 to 1901 respectively, of Never Married, Married, Widowed, Divorced, and those whose Condition was not stated ; also, the Percentage of Males and Females in the Population

LXXV.—Number and Ages of Never Married, Married, Widowed, and Divorced, and Persons whose Condition was not stated

LXXVI.—Number and Ages of Never Married, Married, Widowed, and Divorced, and whose Condition was not stated, with Percentage of Males and Females at certain Age Periods, in each Condition

LXXVII.—Number of Males and Females Married, Never Married, Widowed, and Divorced, and whose Condition was not stated, in each Census District

LXXVIII.—Comparative Table of the Civil and Conjugal Condition of the Population at Different Age Periods—Census 1876 to 1901

LXXIX.—Number and Ages of Males Married—Census 1901

LXXX.—Number and Ages of Females Married—Census 1901

LXXXI.—Number and Ages of Males Never Married—Census 1901

LXXXII.—Number and Ages of Females Never Married—Census 1901

LXXXIII.—Number and Ages of Males Widowed—Census 1901

LXXXIV.—Number and Ages of Females Widowed—Census 1901

LXXXV.—Number and Ages of Males Divorced—Census 1901

LXXXVI.—Number and Ages of Females Divorced—Census 1901

LXXXVII.—Number and Ages of Males, Civil Condition not stated—Census 1901

LXXXVIII.—Number and Ages of Females, Civil Condition not stated—Census 1901

LXXXIX.—Civil and Conjugal Condition of the Population at certain Age Periods, inclusive and also exclusive of Chinese, Pacific Islanders, Japanese, Natives of India and Ceylon (coloured), Other Alien Races, and Aborigines

PART VII.—Religions of the Population.

XC.—Comparative Table of Number of Persons belonging to each Religious Denomination at the Census Enumerations 1861 to 1901 ; also, the Numerical and Centesimal Increase between each Period

XCI.—Number of Persons, Males, and Females in each Census District, returned as belonging to the several Religious Denominations—Census 1901

XCII.—Showing, in detail, the Name of the Sects included in Table No. XCI., under the headings " Other Protestants," " Other Christian Sects," " Other Religions," and " No Religion"

XCIII.—Proportion per cent. Persons, Males, and Females belonging to each Religious Denomination bear to Total Population, Persons, Males, and Females at the Census Enumerations 1861 to 1901

XCIV.—Showing Religions of Males and Females at certain Age Periods

XCV.—Names of the Religious Denominations under which Chinese were returned

XCVI.—Names of the Religious Denominations under which Pacific Islanders were returned

XCVII.—Names of the Religious Denominations under which Japanese were returned

XCVIII.—Names of the Religious Denominations under which Natives of India and Ceylon (coloured) were returned

XCIX.—Names of the Religious Denominations under which Other Alien Races were returned

C.—Names of the Religious Denominations under which Aborigines were returned

PART VIII.—Occupations of the Population.

CI.—Occupations of Males in each Census District

CII.—Occupations of Females in each Census District

CIII.—Occupations of Persons in each Census District

CIV.—Occupations of Males and Females in each Census District, in Totals of Classes and Orders

CV.—Occupations of Males, Females, and Persons, by Ages

CVI.—Occupations, arranged in Alphabetical Order, showing the Number of Persons, and of each Sex, engaged in each Occupation

CVII.—Showing the Number of Domestic Servants employed in Households, and the Number of Employers in each Census District

CVIII.—Occupations of Chinese, Pacific Islanders, Japanese, India and Ceylon (coloured), Other Alien Races and Aborigines, arranged in Order of Number ; also the Number of Persons, and of each Sex engaged

CIX.—The Previous Occupations of Prisoners, Confinees in the several Gaols, on the 31st March, 1901

PART IX.—Synopsis of Results of Enumeration of the Whole State, and of each Census District.

CX.—Whole State—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CXI.—Aramac—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CXII.—Balonne—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CXIII.—Blackall—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CXIV.—Bowen—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CXV.—Brisbane—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CXVI.—Bundaberg—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CXVII.—Burke—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CXVIII.—Burnett—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CXIX.—Caboolture—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CXX.—Cairns—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CXXI.—Cardwell—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CXXII.—Charleville—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CXXIII.—Clermont—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CXXIV.—Cloncurry—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CXXV.—Cook—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CXXVI.—Croydon—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CXXVII.—Cunnamulla—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CXXVIII.—Dalby—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CXXIX.—Darling Downs Central—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CXXX.—Darling Downs East—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CXXXI.—Darling Downs North—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CXXXII.—Darling Downs West—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CXXXIII.—Diamantina—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CXXXIV.—Drayton and Toowoomba—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CXXXV.—Enoggera—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CXXXVI.—Etheridge—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CXXXVII.—Fassifern—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CXXXVIII.—Gladstone—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CXXXIX.—Gympie—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CXL.—Herberton—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CXLI.—Highfields—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CXLII.—Hughenden—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CXLIII.—Ipswich—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CXLIV.—Kennedy—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CXLV.—Leichhardt—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CXLVI.—Logan—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CXLVII.—Mackay—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CXLVIII.—Maranoa—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CXLIX.—Marathon—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CL.—Maryborough—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CLI.—Moreton East—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CLII.—Moreton West—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CLIII.—Mount Morgan—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CLIV.—Nundah—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CLV.—Oxley—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CLVI.—Palmer—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CLVII.—Peak Downs—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CLVIII.—Rockhampton—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CLIX.—Somerset—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CLX.—Springsure—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CLXI.—Stanley—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CLXII.—Stanthorpe—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CLXIII.—St. Lawrence—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CLXIV.—Tambo—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CLXV.—Taroom—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CLXVI.—Tiaro—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CLXVII.—Toowong—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CLXVIII.—Townsville—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CLXIX.—Warrego—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CLXX.—Warwick—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CLXXI.—Westwood—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CLXXII.—Wide Bay—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CLXXIII.—Woothakata—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

CLXXIV.—The City of Brisbane—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations, at Census Enumeration, 31st March, 1901

PART X.—Sickness, &c.

CLXXV.—The Number of Persons, Males, and Females returned as suffering from Sickness and Accident, Census 1901

CONTENTS OF REPORT.

Scheme of Tabulation

Result of Conference of Statisticians

Date of Census determined

Population of Australasia and its Increase compared

Arrangements made for taking the Census

Distribution and Collection

Method of Compiling

Comparing Population Totals with Previous Census

Civilised Aboriginal Population

Comparing Census results with previous Estimates of Population

Coloured Alien Population with Increases and Decreases

Number of Persons to each Inhabited Dwelling

Population in Municipalities

Population in Shires

Population in Divisions

Population in Financial Divisions

Number of Prisoners

Number of Lunatics

Number of Inmates of Charitable Institutions

Adult Males eligible for Franchise, and Number of Votes on Rolls

Population of Greater Brisbane and other Capitals of Australia

Density and Population of principal Towns—Five-miles Radius

Area of State and Distribution of the People

Dwellings, Number and Material of which constructed

Gold Fields and their Population

Ages of the People

Coloured Aliens, Number at each Age Group

Mean Age, Males and Females

Birthplaces of the People

Birthplaces in Geographical Groups

Australasian-born Population, 1891-1901 compared

English, Scotch, and Irish born Population, 1891-1901 compared

Other European-born Population, 1891-1901 compared

Education of the People

Number of Children attending School

Children of School Age, and the Proportion receiving Instruction

Degree of Education of Minors

Degree of Education of Australian-born Population

Conjugal Condition

Divorced Persons among the People

Husbands and Wives, 1891-1901

Conjugal Condition of Coloured Aliens

Religions by Denominations, 1891-1901

Occupations—Number in each Class, 1891-1901

Occupations—

Class I.—Professional

Class II.—Domestic

Class III.—Commercial

Class IV.—Transport and Communication

Class V.—Industrial

Class VI.—Primary Production

Class VII.—Indefinite

Class VIII.—Dependents

Synopsis of State and Districts

Sickness and Infirmity

Cost of Collection, Tabulation, &c.

CENSUS OF 1901.

TO THE HONOURABLE J. F. G. FOXTON, ESQUIRE, HOME SECRETARY.

SIR,—The work of compiling the Census returns being completed, I have the honour to lay before you the following Report on the same, together with the Tables embodying the results of the various subjects of inquiry, with the request that it may be laid before Parliament as usual.

A Preliminary Report on the Census was issued on the 10th October last so soon as the results were sufficiently tabulated as to be of use to the public, that Report being presented to both Houses of Parliament by command.

The Census was taken as for the night of Sunday, the 31st March, 1901, the date fixed by the Imperial Authorities for the Census of Great Britain, and was the same throughout the Australian States and New Zealand.

The Tables are published in ten parts under the following headings :—

• PART I.—POPULATION ;

• PART II.—AREA OF THE STATE AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE POPULATION ;

• PART III.—AGES OF THE PEOPLE ;

• PART IV.—BIRTHPLACES ;

• PART V.—EDUCATION ;

• PART VI.—CIVIL OR CONJUGAL CONDITION ;

• PART VII.—RELIGIONS ;

• PART VIII.—OCCUPATIONS ;

• PART IX.—SYNOPSES, STATE AND DISTRICTS ;

• PART X.—SICKNESS, ETC. ;

• SYNOPTICAL TABLE.

The first steps respecting this Census may be said to have been taken when it was arranged that representatives from each colony in Australasia should meet together to consider and discuss the details of the then impending event.

After some correspondence between the heads of the various Governments, a time and place was finally arranged, and the Conference met in Sydney on the 21st day of February, 1900.

There were present ; Mr. Coghlan, of New South Wales (Chairman) ; Mr. Fenton, of Victoria ; Mr. Johnston, of Tasmania ; Mr. Sholl, of South Australia ; Mr. Von Dadelszen, of New Zealand ; Mr. Fraser, of Western Australia ; and myself, of Queensland.

The proceedings occupied several days, and all matters in connection with the form of the Schedule, the subjects of inquiry, method of compilation, &c., were carefully considered.

The date of the English Census had not then been fixed, but it was felt that the day usually selected as Census day in the United Kingdom presented several objections to its adoption in Australia. In New Zealand it was in the midst of the harvesting operations, in which numbers of persons, who usually resided in towns, traveled from farm to farm, and district to district, and would thus be recorded in places other than those in which they usually resided. In Queensland the climatic conditions usually obtaining in the months of February and March are such as to make traveling, if not impossible, at all events a matter of great difficulty and hardship. In all the States any near approach to Easter as Census day was recognized to be an element that militated against accuracy. Military encampments are usually formed at Easter, and many persons take advantage of the holidays to camp out in the bush or take their families to the seaside. Persons would thus be enumerated in places other than their usual place of abode, and whilst it was imperative that every person should be enumerated, it was scarcely less essential that they should be recorded in the locality in which they usually resided. It will be obvious that for many reasons the population of localities should be taken when in a normal condition, and that the enumeration should not only be accurate as to numbers, but also exact as to the ordinary domicile, so as to secure correct information with respect to the population of towns, electorates, &c. If taken at or near Easter there would be an inflation of the population of seaside resorts, the locality of military camps, &c., and a corresponding diminution in the numbers in other places from which the population had been thus withdrawn. Taking these matters into consideration, the Conference recommended that the 28th day of April should be fixed for Census day, no matter what date should be fixed for the English Census, and they recommended this date in the report of their proceedings.

Subsequently the date of the English Census was fixed for the night of the 31st March, 1901, and the Premiers of the various States decided that the Census in Australasia should be taken as for the same date.

The construction of a Householders' Schedule was considered at the Conference, and several alterations made in the draft which was submitted, a Schedule being finally adopted to be used by all States, so as to ensure information being collected on a common basis, each individual State being at liberty to add columns for the collection of additional information where desired.

It was decided to limit the inquiries respecting sickness to four heads—sick, accident, deaf and dumb, or blind—whilst it was not to be compulsory to furnish information respecting religion.

"The Quinquennial Census Act of1875," in force in Queensland, provides for taking a Census every five years, and this has been done since that date, except in 1896, when a short Act was passed omitting it for that year. Before that time, enumerations were more frequent, and Censuses have been taken in the following years :—1861, 1864, 1868, 1871, 1876, 1881, 1886, 1891, and 1901. Ten years had therefore clapsed since the previous Census when that of 1901 was taken. There were 30,059 inhabitants recorded at the first Census, that of 1861, so that in the forty years intervening between that and the present Census the population had increased by 473,207 persons, and stood on the 31st March, 1901, at 503,266 persons.

The rate of increase has been variable, being greatest between 1861 and 1864, when, owing principally to immigration, the centesimal rate reached 104.48. For the ten years last passed (1891-1901) the rate was only 27.82 per cent., which was the lowest average rate yet recorded. This rate, however, is further reduced if we deduct the number of aborigines added to the population on this occasion, and to be strictly comparative this should be done. The population would then stand at 498,129, exclusive of full-blooded aborigines but inclusive of coloured half-castes, and the rate would then be 26.52 per cent., as shown below. The rate for the last decade, however, compares favourably with the ratios of increase shown during the same period by other Australian States and by the Colony of New Zealand, being the highest of all except Western Australia, which for the ten years showed the abnormal increase of 269.81 per cent. This was of course due to the rich gold discoveries made in that State, which induced an influx of immigration from the

other parts of Australasia, and also from Europe. Compared with the other States and New Zealand, the rate of increase in Queensland is the highest, as well be seen by the following comparative table, New Zealand being the next :—

After all preliminaries had been arranged at the Statistical Conference, and ratified by the Premiers of the respective States, the work of preparation for the actual enumeration was actively taken in hand. Paper for printing the Schedules had to be ordered from England, bags, inkbottles, straps, and every article required provided for, so that the equipment of every collector employed would be complete when required.

Two additional Census districts were created, the original one of Burke, which was of great extent, being subdivided so as to form two—Burke and Croydon ; Mount Morgan being also constituted a separate district instead of being included in Westwood as formerly. Nundah, which formed part of Caboolture in the 1891 Census, and which had been subsequently created a separate district for registration purposes, was also an additional Census district in 1901.

The whole of Queensland was thus divided into sixty-three Census districts, and for each of these an enumerator was appointed, whose duty it was to select and recommend collectors for appointment. Maps of each district were submitted to the enumerator, with the plan of the subdivisions, made in the previous Census, for suggestions as to changes. Many alterations were made, but the boundaries of divisional boards were usually adopted as boundaries for Census districts. In some cases one Census district would contain more than one division, but the boundaries were adopted as far as possible.

The enumerator submitted names of persons for each subdivision of his district, and after approval appointments were made and a full equipment forwarded for each collector in ample time. Two maps of each subdivision and two diaries were furnished for the use of each collector, one of each to be used when distributing the schedules and one of each for collecting.

Each schedule was, machine-numbered, and collectors were instructed when leaving one at a house, to enter in their distribution diaries, the date and time when left, the number of the schedule, and name of person left with, and in collecting to enter date, time, number of the schedule, and name of the person from whom received in the collection diary. This arrangement enabled lost schedules to be traced to where they had been left, and, in cases which occurred of schedules having been found, it could be stated with certainty where and when the same had been left and to whom given.

The maps defined the boundaries of each collector's district, and in country districts the collector had to mark his route and stopping place each day.

As there are many persons of other nationalities than the English-speaking races in Queensland, it was found necessary, in some cases, to provide interpreters to accompany the collectors so as to explain to such persons the object aimed at, and render them any necessary assistance in filling up the schedules. In addition to the printed notices exhibited all over the State, posters in Chinese and Japanese were sent to localities wherever many persons of these nationalities resided.

Each enumerator was expected to start his collectors in sufficient time to enable schedules to be distributed to each dwelling in their respective districts before the 31st day of March, that day being Sunday.

Many of the collectors in the more distant districts were allowed to leave days before they should have done, with the result that a number of them had to wait some time for the 1st April, on which date they resumed their work in reverse order and collected the schedules they had laid down a few days before.

The great size of Queensland, combined with its sparse population in the Western portions and the adverse weather conditions then prevailing, added greatly to the difficulties of collection, and had the police been available to act as collectors for the more distant districts the cost would have been much less than it was. It was seen, however, that if police in any numbers were employed on this work it would tend to disarrange the force, besides leaving the Census collection liable to neglect should crime be committed, and the constables have their police duties to engross their attention at that particular moment. I believe, however, that the large expense of the collection on this occasion was caused entirely by the abnormal season, and that it is a matter of some congratulation that, notwithstanding adverse climatic conditions, a good and reliable Census was taken of all the population.

DISTRIBUTION AND COLLECTION.

It is a matter for great regret that the Premiers did not accept the recommendation of the Conference and adopt the 28th April as Census day. A more unfortunate selection than the 31st March, so far as the Queensland Census was concerned, could scarcely have been made. In the South-western districts the severe drought which had lasted for several years had almost depopulated the country and killed or driven away almost all stock, and made traveling, if not an impossibility, a work of great difficulty. Stages had to be traveled according to the distances at which water existed, and no food for man or horse was to be had on the way.

Whilst this stage of things existed in the South-west, floods were general throughout the North. Collectors were delayed for days by flooded rivers, and when these were passed the country was in such a state of bog as to make traveling extremely slow when not actually impossible.

I believe the distribution and collection of schedules to have been very thorough, and although some persons came forward afterwards who had been missed by the collectors, their number was very few, nor were there many responses to the very thorough series of advertisements for unrecorded persons inserted after the Census in every paper published in Queensland. It cannot be expected that every person was taken, but I believe the number missed to be altogether insignificant.

The enumerators were selected as far as possible from officers in the Public Service, and in many cases it became the duty of the police magistrates of the largest towns in the Division to act in this capacity. Enumerators were, in the first instance, consulted as to the subdivision of the Census district placed under their charge, with the selection of suitable persons to be employed as collectors, their rate of pay, &c., and after their names had been approved the enumerator had to serve out to each of his collectors maps, diaries, schedules, and all equipments, and see that each person understood the nature of his duties, the boundaries of his subdivision, and the responsibilities of the office generally. To ensure that the collectors themselves understood how to fill in a Householder's Schedule, and that they would thus be competent to instruct others, a number of specimen schedules were printed and each candidate had to fill in one of these schedules when applying for the office of collector, and the manner in which this was done afforded a fair opportunity of judging his fitness for the duties.

As each collector returned with his completed schedules, he had to hand them in to his enumerator, who examined them, and, when all the collectors had handed in their schedules, computed from them the number of persons resident in the district, forwarding the information to this office by letter or telegram as soon as ascertained. The schedules themselves, with maps, diaries, &c., were forwarded by a subsequent mail.

The question of compilation was carefully considered before the actual work of the Census began, and it was resolved to adopt the card system as at the previous Census. The question of using the Hollerith tabulating machines was believed, from the results of the inquiries made, to be inadvisable for a population of about half-a-million only. In the first place, the machines themselves are very costly, and

from their delicate mechanism can only be worked by persons who have acquired great expertness in their use and who understand them thoroughly. So that their cost would equal, if not exceed, the sums paid to the larger number of clerks required to manipulate the cards under the system adopted.

Two colours of cards only were used, those for males being white and for females red, all the information required being shown on the face of the card and a mark across a small square being sufficient to give the required information in most instances. This ensured greater rapidity in extracting the information from the schedules and also in compiling from the cards subsequently. One card was used for each person on each schedule, all the information afforded in the various columns being recorded on the card except the name, which did not appear. The number of the schedule and the number of the line being sufficient guide in the event of reference being required. A facsimile of the card used is here produced.

In order to facilitate counting and compilation, cards representing Chinese, Pacific Islanders, lunatics, prisoners, &c., were stamped across the face with a rubber stamp denoting the race or class the person belonged to, so that the number of persons in each district belonging to special classes could be readily ascertained.

The total number of persons employed, including the permanent staff, was sixty persons, and these were retained until the cards had been completed and the Tables prepared from them had made some progress, when the numbers were gradually reduced. These officers were under the active supervision of Mr. R. B. Howard, Deputy Registrar-General, who was relieved of all other duties to enable him to attend especially to the extraction and compilation of the Census returns. He has acted in a similar capacity on several occasions, and therefore brought valuable experience to bear on the work on this occasion.

The card system affords excellent opportunities for separating the different items required to be extracted under the various headings and groups. The cards are sorted into ages, again into religions, again to indicate degrees of education, birthplaces, or any other matter which has been recorded. The number of cards under a given heading for a subdistrict being counted and recorded on sheets ruled for the purpose, the numbers of each of the other subdistricts are added as they are ascertained, and the result of the whole shows the number of persons appearing under the particular heading in a Census district. Add together the results obtained from each of the sixty-three districts into which the State is divided, and the result is the number of persons under that particular heading for the whole of Queensland.

In preparing the table for showing the ages of the people, for instance, the cards of each subdistrict which, with respect to colour signifying sex, are kept distinct, would be carefully sorted into the required age groups, and then counted, the result being that the numbers of males and females of each age would be ascertained. Repeat this operation with the cards for each of the other subdistricts, and the addition of the whole would be the total number of persons of each sex and of each age group in the district. The sum of the results for each Census district gives the total population of the State in age groups.

The cost of the preparation of these cards is considerable (it is given elsewhere), but in no other way, except by tabulating machines—and cards are used in connection with these machines—could the same accuracy of result be arrived at with the same rapidity, since the cards when once prepared can be used over and over again in the different combinations required.

Arrangements had to be made for instituting comparisons as to the increase or decrease of population in given areas, and as many changes had been made in boundaries of districts, and some of the new boundaries overlapped those used in the former Census, great care was necessary in marking schedules and cards so that the population would be located in its true place, and admit of an accurate comparison of increase or decrease of population during the decennial period.

The boundaries of the financial districts into which the State is divided have been considerably varied since 1891 by the alteration of the boundary dividing the Northern and Central Divisions, so that to allow of a fair comparison being made between the Central and North for the decennial period it was necessary to determine the population on the area transferred from the Central to the Northern Division. This is shown in Table No. XI, and the areas rendered strictly comparative for the two periods.

Similar comparisons were rendered available for Electorates and Divisions, the boundaries of many of the latter having been altered since 1891.

In order to place the results of the Census before the public as promptly as possible, the first table giving the finally ascertained figures of the population was laid before the Honourable the Home Secretary on the 28th June, 1901, and was issued to the public at once by his authority. Subsequent tables were also made public as they were compiled, so that all information has been given out at once without waiting for the completion of the work as a whole. This course seems to me to be the best, as, if retained until the whole results could be published together, although it would possess the advantage of being a complete work, it would cause items of information to be withheld for a time which were of great importance to many.

In this way it was possible to supply many persons, newspapers, publishers, and others, with most of the latest statistics, which were required by them for various purposes, and to fill in the latest Census figures in the copies of Year Books, Almanacs, &c., intended for immediate publication.

A delay which took place in the final settlement of the details under which the occupations of the people should be compiled caused this information to be the last to be extracted. The tables under this head, which are very voluminous and

contain a great amount of detail, appeared at a later date than most of the others, the Synoptical Tables being of course the last, embodying as they do the results of all other tables.

Part I.—POPULATION.

In order to facilitate reference, the Census Tables have been arranged in sections, each part containing the various data relating to one portion of the subject. Thus Part I. contains information relating to the numbers and sexes of the people in their various combinations under the general heading of "Population."

The total number of the population of Queensland as disclosed by Table I., on the 31st March, 1901, was 503,266 persons, consisting of 280,092 males and 223,174 females. Amongst these were 5,137 full-blooded aborigines, and 1,533 half-castes.

As the population recorded at the Census of 1891 was 223,779 males, 169,939 females, and 393,718 persons, it follows that an increase in numbers had taken place between the periods of 56,313 males and 53,235 females, being 109,548 persons, an increase of 25.17 per cent. for males and 31.33 per cent. for females, and 27.82 per cent. on the whole population, if the full-blooded, civilized aborigines counted in 1901 are included.

As the aborigines were not taken into account in any previous Census, it may be as well to explain here that on this occasion it was considered desirable to record the number of those aborigines and half-castes who were living in conformity with the usages of civilisation, and who had abandoned their nomadic habits of life. Much has been done during the past few years to try and elevate these unfortunate people, several religious bodies have established mission stations and schools which are subsidised by the Government, for the religious and secular education of aborigines and half-castes, and many of them have been reclaimed from their wild roving habits and now attend school or follow regular occupations. According to instructions issued, only those aborigines and half-castes were included in the Census enumeration who had become integral parts of the industrial population, or who by attending school on some mission station had actually entered upon civilised life.

Whilst including 5,137 full-blooded aborigines, as well as 1,533 half-castes who were existing under the conditions above referred to, with the population, all those, whether full-blooded or half-caste, living in camps and leading the lives usual to aborigines, were excluded. It is estimated that about 20,000 persons were thus omitted.

For comparative purposes, however, it may be stated that since aborigines were not enumerated in 1891, the numbers of the population for 1901 has been increased by the addition of persons of this race, amounting to 5,137 persons altogether, and although these may now be fairly classed as part of the population of Queensland, they must be deducted from the number if we desire to ascertain the true rate of increase for the past decade.

The civilised half-castes are not deducted, as I understand they were included with the general population in 1891, although not specially mentioned or classed.

The true net increase for the decennial period would therefore stand at 53,224 males, 51,187 females, and 104,411 persons, equal to 23.78, 30.12, and 26.52 per cent. respectively.

There were also 1,227 males absent from Queensland on account of the war in South Africa, exclusive of those known to be dead. These persons were not taken into account in the compilations.

The total number of births recorded during the interval between the two Census periods amounted to 73,485 males and 70,254 females, or 143,739 persons, whilst the deaths for the same period were 35,482 males, 20,539 females, 56,021 persons. The net numbers added to the population by what is termed the natural

increase for this period was therefore 38,003 males, 49,715 females, or 87,718 persons, leaving a difference between the net increase of 15,221 males, 1,472 females, or 16,693 persons, as shown below :—

The number of persons arriving and departing by the various ports of the State (then Colony), including the railway, as returned by the Customs, were :—

short in the population.

The question of what has become of these 12,543 males and 8,210 females is not easy to solve. In other States, except Queensland, it has been the practice to add a percentage to the recorded departures for each year, since it is generally believed that the discrepancy between the estimates of population and the numbers obtained on Census enumeration principally arises from unrecorded departures. No allowance of this kind was made in this State for the period under review.

Whilst recognizing a leakage at this point, there are in this State other factors which militate against accuracy. No notice is taken of migration of population borderwise other than by railway. No means exist of tallying the numbers of persons who cross the borders between New South Wales and Queensland, and also into and from South Australia, but that the number is considerable, especially for a period of ten years, there can be no doubt.

The number of persons traveling from Queensland into New South Wales with sheep and cattle from 1891 to 1901 is estimated to have been 36,000 persons. The bulk of these return overland, but a large number sell their horses in the Southern States and return to Queensland by sea, in which case they are carefully recorded as arrivals, although their departure was unrecorded.

Another disturbing influence is to be found in our long coast line and many ports, passengers traveling northwards frequently calling at more than one port, and staying until a later steamer, may thus be recorded as an arrival at more than one port. The only other solution of the problem lies in the supposition that all the persons in the State had not been enumerated, but this I do not think it possible to entertain. A large discrepancy has existed at each of the late Census enumerations in all the States, and although undoubtedly a few individuals may have been missed by the collectors of this Census, I am assured by the persons acting as enumerations that the numbers would be insignificant, as I have said elsewhere.

Had 6 per cent. been added to the departures of males and 9 per cent. to that of females for unrecorded departures for the whole of the term, it would have adjusted the discrepancies arising from all causes.

The centesimal rate of increase disclosed during the past ten years, although not attaining the proportions of some former periods, cannot be regarded as other than satisfactory, amounting as it does to 27.82 per cent. Of these—

The increase in females amounts to 31.33 per cent. against 25.17 per cent. for males, and this would appear to be due to the greater percentage of deaths amongst males than amongst females. The ratio between the two sexes with respect to deaths for the past ten years amounted to 172.33 for males against 100 female deaths. So that, although the males have increased more numerically, the females, owing to their lower death rate and smaller numbers, show centesimally much higher than the males.

Particulars are given of the numbers of the coloured population in Table IV., where is also shown the number of each race, distinguishing male and female for each Census district in the State.

Chinese have increased numerically by 739 persons, but have proportionally decreased in numbers from 2.18 per cent. of the total population in 1891 to 1.85 per cent. in 1901.

Pacific Islanders have decreased numerically by 101 persons, and proportionally from 2.40 per cent. to 1.85 per cent. of the total population.

Japanese, natives of India and Ceylon (coloured), and other Asiatics have been tabulated separately for the first time this Census. Compared with the previous one, they together total a numerical increase of 3,131 persons, and a proportional increase of from 0.47 in the previous to a collective rate of 1.00 per cent. on the total population in 1901.

The total number of the coloured population, exclusive of aborigines, was 23,635 persons, constituting 4.70 per cent. of the total population of Queensland as on 1st April, 1901, as compared with 19,866 persons, and a proportion of 5.05 per cent. of the total population at the 1891 Census.

Aborigines who, although coloured, are not in the same category as aliens from Asia, &c., numbered 5,137 persons of full blood and 1,533 half-castes, all being either engaged in industrial pursuits or at school at the various mission stations. These do not by any means represent the total aboriginal population of Queensland, for it is estimated that, in addition to those included in the Census enumeration, there are about 20,000 aborigines in Queensland who maintain the habits peculiar to their race, and who were not enumerated.

The wording of the Federal Constitution states that aborigines are not to be reckoned as part of the population of a state for Federal purposes, and this is unfortunate with respect to those included in the Census enumeration, for they undoubtedly form an integral part of the industrial population. No enumeration of the persons engaged, say, in the pearl-shelling or beche-de-mer industries, would accurately record the numbers so employed if aborigines were excluded, since they often form a large proportion of the crews of the boats. Similarly, no statement of the numbers of children attending school would be accurate if the aboriginal children regularly attending them were omitted.

Cairns was the locality where the greatest number of Chinese was enumerated, 2,078 having been there recorded, of whom only 61 were females, much exceeding the number in any other part of the State. They were principally engaged in tropical agriculture—growing bananas and working on sugar plantations. Chinese were next found in the greatest numbers in the Kennedy (Charters Towers) and Townsville districts, where they were principally engaged in market gardening.

Pacific Islanders were found principally in those districts where sugar is grown, Bundaberg, Mackay, Cardwell, and Cairns districts having the largest numbers of this race in their population. The numbers of those employed otherwise than in tropical agriculture is not large, and will be treated more fully under the head of "Occupations."

Japanese were not in large numbers ; totaling 2,269 persons, of whom 154 were females, and were in the largest number at Somerset, where they have engaged largely in pearl-shelling. They also appeared in some strength in the sugar districts of Cairns, Cardwell, Mackay, and Townsville, where they were employed in the cultivation of sugar-cane.

Natives of India and Ceylon, whose numbers reached 939 persons, of whom ten were females, included 240 males forming crews of vessels in the harbour of Brisbane. At the time of the Census enumeration, exclusive of these, there were 699 persons of these races most of whom would be ordinarily resident in Queensland, chiefly employed in connection with sugar cultivation, although a considerable percentage follow other callings.

Other alien races which comprise coloured persons from all parts, but were principally Asiatics, were found in greatest numbers at Somerset, where they find employment in connection with pearl-shelling. Others again, and amongst these would be the Javanese, were found in the sugar districts where they were engaged in connection with the sugar industry.

Table XVIII. illustrated with considerable detail the numbers of half-castes enumerated in Queensland, showing the race to which each parent belongs.

Number of Persons to each Inhabited Dwelling.

Tables VI., VII., and VIII. state the number of dwellings and inhabitants at different Census periods. As compared with 1891 the last Census shows an increase of 20,511 inhabited dwellings, a decrease of 569 uninhabited ones, and an increase of 109,548 inhabitants. During the intercensal period, therefore, occupied houses have increased by 26.15 per cent., and those unoccupied have decreased by 25.58 per cent., whilst population has increased by 27.82 per cent. The numbers of inhabitants per inhabited dwelling is now greater than at any previous Census enumeration, standing as it does at 5.09 per occupied dwelling. The number for 1891 Census being 5.02, and the previous one of 1886 5.07.

Buildings not ordinarily occupied as dwellings, such as churches, halls, factories, day shops, &c., are not included in the number of dwellings in either this or the previous Census, so that the number of dwellings inhabited and uninhabited added together do not represent the total number of buildings of all kinds.

Population.

The population of municipalities (see Table IX.), which were thirty in number in 1901, had increased from 143,143 persons for the 29 municipalities in existence in 1891 to 175,279 persons in 1901, being an numerical increase of 32,136 persons, and a proportional increase of 22.45 per cent., in the ten years intervening between the two dates.

During this period there had been a very marked difference between the increase of numbers of the two sexes, for whilst males had increased by 15,189, or at the rate of 20.61 per cent., females had increased by 16,947, or at the rate of 24.41 per cent., on the numbers of 1891.

Only three of the existing municipalities had decreased in population in the period between 1891 and 1901, viz. :—Blackall, Cooktown, and Normanton ; whilst the population of Mount Morgan had increased 78.71 per cent. ; North Rockhampton, 63.62 per cent.; Townsville, 48.49 per cent. ; Roma, 39.63 per cent. ; Gladstone, 68.03 per cent. ; Rockhampton, 32.95 per cent. ; Gympie, 41.54 per cent. ; and Cairns, 44.59 per cent.

It must not be overlooked, however, that large increases have taken place in many towns, and that, without materially increasing the population within the municipal boundary. Where the municipality is small in area, increases take place in the shire or division adjoining, and although practically the town is much larger the increase does not appear as being within the municipality.

Shires.

The shires, which were six in number (see Table IX.), show increases in their population in every case. Whilst their aggregate populations in 1901 was 29,592 persons, it only reached 25,741 persons for the seven shires in existence in 1891, the increase for the intercensal period being 3,851 persons, and equal to 14.96 per cent. on the population of 1891.

In testing the ratio of increase of the sexes separately, it is found to be similar to what has been the case with regard to municipalities. The males have increased by 1,589, equal to 12.50 per cent., and the females by 2,262, equal to 17.35 per cent., respectively, of the population of 1891.

Divisions.

With respect to divisions (Tables X.), the increase has been at a greater ratio during the period under review than that of either municipalities or shires. The population of all the divisions of the State at the Census of 1891 was 221,875 persons, which had increased at the Census of 1901 to 296,639 persons, or an increase of 74,764 persons, equal to 33.70 per cent. on the population of 1891.

The increase in sexes with regard to divisions is similar to what is observed with respect to municipalities and shires, the females have advanced at the greatest ratio. For whilst the males advanced from 134,884 in 1891 to 175,487 in 1901, or an increase of 40,603, equal to 30.10 per cent., females advanced from 86,991 in 1891 to 121,152 in 1901, being an increase of 34,161, equal to 39.27 per cent.

The cause of this disparity of increase is probably due, as previously remarked, to the higher death rate of males.

In addition to the population of municipalities, shires, and divisions, there were 1,756 persons returned from places not included within the boundaries of any local authority. Of these, 1 person was on Wellesley Island, in the Gulf of Carpentaria, 45 were returned from Cook, and 1,710 were on board shipping and resident on islands in Moreton Bay.

Financial Divisions.

Queensland having been divided into three portions—South, Central, and North—as financial divisions, the population of each is presented separately in Table XI, page 13, Part I.

A considerable alteration in the boundaries of the Central and Northern Divisions was made during the interval between the Census periods of 1891 and 1901, the southern boundary of the Northern Division having been extended southerly so as to include a large portion in point of area of the western part of the Central Division.

This, of course, had the effect of increasing the size of the Northern Division, and correspondingly reducing that of the Central.

The population contained in the Northern Division at the Census of 1901 was 110,957 persons against 78,077 persons in 1891, being an increase of 32,880 persons, equal to 42.11 per cent. on the numbers of 1891. To afford a fair comparison, however, the number of the persons enumerated in that portion of the Northern Division which was taken from the Central, amounting to 2,530 persons, must be allowed for. This would reduce the increase to 30,350 persons, equal to 38.87 per cent.

In the Central Division the numbers for 1901 were 63,919 persons against 46,881 for 1891, or a numerical increase of 17,038, and a centesimal increase of 36.34. If, however, we add the 2,530 persons inhabiting the area taken from the Central Division since 1891, we have the true comparable population of 66,449 persons, and the increase for the intercensal period would be equal to 41.74 per cent.

With respect to the Southern Division of the State, the population in 1901 was 328,390 persons against 268,760 in 1891, being an increase of 59,630 persons, equal to 22.19 per cent.

It will thus be seen that during the ten years which elapsed between 1891 and 1901 the Central Division of the State as existing in the former year had increased in population nearly twice as fast as the Southern Division, whilst the Northern Division had made almost as great progress.

These conditions are what might fairly have been anticipated, considering the progress that has taken place in settlement in the Central and Northern Divisions, the growth of the towns, and the development of the mining industry during the last decade.

The condition of Southern Queensland, with its large extent of farming, dairying, and urban population, approaches more and more to that obtaining in the Southern States ; whilst the population of the Central and North is composed of a larger proportion of young adults, especially males. Thus it may fairly be expected that the growth of population by natural increase would be greatest where there is the greatest population of persons of both sexes in vigorous life, and that the greatest increase by movement of population would take place where the greatest openings for enterprise presented themselves.

An interesting detail appears in Table No. XII., which shows the relative proportion of the sexes.

In some of the districts in which the older towns are situated the females outnumber the males, this being the case with regard to Brisbane, Dalby, Drayton and Toowoomba, Enoggera, Ipswich, Rockhampton, Toowong, and Warwick, whilst in the more remote and sparsely populated districts the number of males very largely preponderate.

The number of minors and adults of each sex and of each of the coloured races, and also of prisoners and inmates of charitable institutions, are found in Tables XIII. and XIV.

It will be seen that male minors represent 24.34 per cent. of the total population ; female minors, 23.61 per cent. ; male adults, 31.31 per cent. ; female adults, 20.74 per cent. Total males, 55.65 per cent. Total females, 44.35 per cent.

Prisoners.

The number of prisoners was less in 1901 by 35 persons (24 males and 11 females) than in 1891, and whereas in 1891 they formed 0.18 per cent. of the population, in 1901 they formed 0.13 per cent. of it only.

Although the number of prisoners is shown to have been 658 persons on the 1st April, 1901, it should be pointed out that the inmates of two reformatories were therewith included, being 98 boys at Westbrook and 32 boys at Riverview. Whilst these boys have been brought before a court and sentenced to a term of detention in a reformatory, they are not necessarily criminals, since only a proportion of them have actually committed crimes, and even practically all of these had been guilty of trival offences only. The greater part of them are convicted of being neglected children, and are sent to these places in order to take these off the streets. Deducting these two items of 98 and 32 from 658 we have 528 as the true number of prisoners in the various gaols of the State on Census night, and these would form 0.10 per cent. of the total population. In other words, 1 person in each 1,000 inhabitants was in gaol.

Lunatics.

Lunatics, on the contrary, have increased both numerically and centesimally, the numbers in 1891 being 1,147 or 0.29 of the then population, whilst in 1901 they were 1,605 or 0.32 per cent.

Charitable Institutions.

The number of persons in charitable institutions (not including hospitals) is also greater than in 1891 by 945 persons, the percentage to the total population being, in 1891, 0.67 per cent., and in 1901, 0.71 per cent. This increase is probably due to the relatively greater number of aged persons at the latter period.

Electoral.

Tables XIX. and XX. show the population in Electoral as distinguished from Census districts, the former also discriminates between adults and minors of each sex, and shows the number of persons of coloured alien race, lunatics, prisoners, &c.

In the two last columns of Table XIX. Will be found the number of adults (males and females) in each district, exclusive of coloured aliens, prisoners, lunatics, &c.

From these it will be seen that exclusive of the adult males on board ships, who are not included in any electorate, there were on 1st April, 1901, 132,897 adult males eligible to become voters in the various electoral districts of Queensland. On the same date the Electoral Registrar informs me that there were 99,982 names on the Electoral Roll, of the State. As many of these names appear on more than one Electoral Roll, and there is no means of ascertaining how many individuals are represented, it is impossible to say how large the number may be of those whose names do not appear on any roll. The names of some coloured persons again are on a roll under a property qualification, and nearly 1,000 persons in the police force, clerks of petty sessions, and police magistrates are excluded by statute from voting, whilst a considerable number of persons would not be entitled to be on any roll, being travelers, recent arrivals, &c. There were, however, upwards of 33,000 adult males in the State whose names were not recorded on voters' rolls, and who were not coloured aliens, prisoners, lunatics, &c.

The number of adult females in each district is also published to afford necessary information should the question of female suffrage be further considered by the Legislature.

The following table shows the number of adult males, exclusive of all coloured aliens, prisoners, lunatics, &c., and the numbers who were on the Electoral Rolls for each electorate.

The difference between the number of adult males and the number of voters on the Electoral Rolls is very marked in some cases, being in several instances less than one-half the number of elegible adult males enumerated in the district. Murilla, Leichhardt, and Bulloo are instances of this, whilst Kennedy offers a still greater disparity.

On the contrary, Charters Towers, which is surrounded by the Kennedy District, is a place where the numbers of voters on the roll approximate more nearly to the number of adult males.

Croydon, Logan, Drayton and Toowoomba, and Bundanba also, are nearly equal in number ; and in one case—Oxley—more voters are recorded on the roll than there were eligible adult males in the district at the time of the Census enumeration.

This may have been caused by the number of electors on the roll who do not reside in the district, or to the temporary absence of persons usually resident there, but most probably to the former reason.

Population of Brisbane.

The population of Brisbane, including all Municipalities and portions of other Local Bodies within a radius of 10 miles from the General Post Office, is shown in Table XXI., and in 1901 had reached 119,428 persons, of whom 59,245 were males and 60,183 were females.

In 1891 these numbers stood at 101,554 persons, of whom 51,352 were males and 50,202 were females. The increase, therefore, during the intercensal period was 17,874 persons, equal to 17.6 per cent., of whom 7,893 were males, or an increase equal to 15.4 per cent., and 9,981 females, equal to 19.9 per cent., an increase due principally to the greater mortality obtaining amongst males.

The proportion of Brisbane's population to the whole population of the State was 23.7 per cent., and that of other Australian capital cities to the total population of their States is as shown in the following table :—

Table No. XXII. shows the population of the Municipalities—thirty in number—their area, and the number of persons to the square mile, and in other columns the population within a radius of 5 miles of the post office is given, except in the case of Brisbane, which has a radius of 10 miles.

As the areas vary from 1 square mile in the case of Charters Towers to 34¼ square miles in the case of Cairns, there is no common basis for calculating the density of population.

The columns in which are recorded the population contained within the five-mile radius, however, gives a very fair outline of the relative population of the towns as compared with each other. Taking a five-mile radius to contain 78.54 square miles, the following are the results obtained by calculating the population of the various towns on that area :—

A full list of other towns containing over 100 inhabitants is shown in Table XXIII., with the male, female, and total population of each.

Table XXV. shows the relative proportion of males and females in each Census district, also the percentage of males, females, and persons to the total population of the State.

In connection with this table, however, it must be borne in mind that the population in question is that of the Census district, which in many cases is distinct from that of the town. In the case of Brisbane, for instance, the Census district contains a population of 62,923 persons only, whilst the city and suburbs (ten-mile radius) contains 119,428 persons. So that whilst the proportion of the population of the Census district of Brisbane to the whole population of the State is as given in the table, 12.5 per cent., the ratio of the whole city of Brisbane, taking ten-mile area, is equal to 23.7 per cent.

Next to Brisbane, the most populous Census district is that of Kennedy, which contains the important mining towns of Charters Towers and Ravenswood, had a population of 28,872 persons, and a percentage to the total population of the State of 5.74.

The ratios of the sexes to each other, which may be gathered from the figures in the two first columns of Table XXV., indicate clearly where the more settled conditions of life obtain, for in most of the towns and farming districts females either predominate in numbers or approach closely to those of males, whilst in pastoral and mining districts males predominate almost exactly in proportion to the unsettled conditions of life obtaining in each.

Thus in Brisbane, Dalby, Drayton and Toowoomba, Ipswich, Rockhampton, Warwick, &c., females predominate, whilst in the farming centres of Darling Downs, Highfields, Fassifern, Logan, Oxley, Moreton, and Stanthorpe the males predominate slightly in numbers. The large percentage of unmarried males employed on sugar plantations affects considerably the percentage of females to males in such districts, as can be seen in the cases of Cairns, Cardwell, Mackay, &c.

A very small relative proportion of females to males is found in the Western and Northern districts, where towns are few and close settlement is a thing of the future. Pastoral pursuits and mining, as carried on in the more remote parts of Queensland, do not afford the opportunities for making homes that are to be found in more settled localities, consequently women and children are fewer in number in these outside places.

Part II.—AREA, AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE PEOPLE.

Part II. of the Census tables deals with the area of the State and of Registration Districts, and the distribution of the population therein.

Table XXVI., page 46, shows the area of the whole State and of each Registration District, the number of dwellings inhabited and uninhabited, and the number of persons in each district, distinguishing males and females ; whilst Table XXVII. Contrasts for 1891 and 1901 the area of the State and of the great divisions, with the relative density of the population in each.

The largest district in point of area was Marathon with 55,593½ square miles, situated in the western portion of the State, and very sparsely populated, having but 648 dwellings and 2,769 inhabitants. The next largest was Diamantina with 54,853 square miles, also situated in the western portion of the State, and still more sparsely settled, having but 304 dwellings and 1,290 inhabitants.

The greatest number of houses was in the district of Brisbane, where also the population appears in greatest numbers.

The growth of population during the decade is shown in the comparative Table No. XXVII., since in it the populations in each portion of the three great divisions of the State at the two Census periods are compared, and the differences in the number of persons to the square mile on each date may be contrasted.

In the Northern Division the increases in percentages were not great, the highest being at Townsville, which increased by 2.15 persons to the square mile, Somerset by 1.12, Kennedy by 0.50, and Mackay by 0.33. The district of Cook contained slightly fewer inhabitants to the square miles in 1901 than it did in 1891, due to the languishing state of the mining industry in that part for some time past. The pastoral districts exhibit but little advance in population density, due principally to the prevalence of drought in the western portions. On the whole division, taking similar areas at each Census period, the increase in favour of 1901 amounts to 0.10 persons to the square mile.

In the Central Division the district showing the greatest progress is Rockhampton, with an increase of 72.19 persons to the square mile, whilst the portion of Bundaberg District situated within the Central Division exhibits a reduction of 1.12 persons in density. For the whole division an increase in favour of 1901 appears, amounting to 0.13 persons to the square mile.

In the Southern Division an increase appears in Brisbane and the surrounding districts, and also on the Darling Downs, where much farming settlement has taken place, whilst the more westerly portions exhibit but small increase, and in one or two districts positive decreases. The whole division has increased by 0.29 persons to the square mile.

The effect of the drought has been to almost depopulate the western portions of the State, for during the Census collection it was found that many homesteads and stations had merely caretakers occupying them, and the families and hands usually resident there had gone elsewhere.

The effect of the drought upon the Census figures is to reduce the population of the western portions of the State below what it is in ordinary seasons, and to return those persons as residents of districts in which they do not ordinarily reside.

Dwellings.

A full description of the number of dwellings inhabited and uninhabited, and of the materials of which they were built, is given in Table XXX. and the following numbers. As the description of the house, materials, and number of rooms is required to be given on each schedule, the greatest possible accuracy is secured in this respect, and from the numbers of returned uninhabited dwellings the information furnished by the collectors appears to be fairly accurate also. The same cannot be said, however, with respect to houses in course of erection, for these had evidently been entirely overlooked by the collectors, as the numbers returned were not equal to what were within my own observation.

The term dwellings is used advisedly, as such buildings as halls, shops, offices, churches, and structures of a similar nature, in which persons do not ordinarily reside, are not included in the numbers appearing in the tables, and only "dwellings" inhabited or uninhabited are tabulated. With respect to banks, where quarters were provided, as well as to offices and stores, of which a portion only was used for business purposes and the remainder of the building was occupied as a dwelling, only the rooms used for residential purposes were taken into account and tabulated accordingly.

A dwelling is taken to be any building, hut, tent, &c., in which any person slept on Census night, and of these, including ships, there were 100,610 in the whole State in 1901 against 80,697 in 1891.

The buildings of a substantial character at each of the two periods were as under :—

An explanation of the decrease in stone and brick dwellings may be found in the fact that in previous enumerations greater numbers of buildings of these

materials were returned as dwellings because they were used as residences as well as for business premises. The increase of business during the decade has, in many instances, led to the absorption of the living rooms into the business premises, and residences found in the suburbs. There were not really fewer buildings, but fewer buildings of these materials were used as dwellings.

Apart, therefore, from shops, offices, and other buildings of a public character which have been very largely constructed of brick in most of the large towns of the State, and confining our remarks to dwellings, it would appear that the great increase has been in wooden buildings during the past decade.

That such would be the case is fairly certain, for none of the cities or towns of Queensland have yet reached the stage when houses are built in rows and terraces, except in a few instances.

The requirements of the climate call for more air space around dwellings, and detached buildings are in by far the greatest numbers. As communication has improved, too, the tendency has been to get into the suburbs, where houses are further apart, and the wooden house from its cheapness and coolness is most in request.

Table XXX., being comparative, the growth of numbers may be noted with respect to the different districts. The greatest increases are noticeable in the mining centres—Mount Morgan, for instance, increasing from 202 permanent dwellings in 1891 to 1,778 in 1901. Kennedy (principally Charters Towers) increased by 1,327 permanent dwellings, Townsville by 853, Bundaberg by 598, Rockhampton by 534, Toowoomba by 865, and Brisbane by 1,124—all these being exclusive of tents and temporary dwellings.

The number of metal houses—i.e., principally galvanised iron—is greatest in localities where timber is scarce, as in the West and North. Although iron is unsuitable for dwellings in these places, on account of the heat, yet it is often the material for walls and roofs most easily obtained, and the cheapest and the easiest to build with of any materials available, whilst it has the advantages, also, of being weatherproof.

The number of houses containing from 1 room upwards of each class of material is shown in Table XXXIII., and it is found that the wooden houses containing 5 rooms were more numerous than any other. Wooden houses of 4 rooms were next in point of number, followed by wooden houses containing 6 rooms. After falling steadily in numbers to houses containing 10 rooms, there was a sudden drop to less than one-half for 11-roomed wooden houses.

The largest wooden house was one containing 70 rooms, exclusive of a building returned from Dunwich Asylum as containing 103 rooms.

In stone buildings, those containing 4 rooms were in the greatest number, followed by 8-roomed houses, and then by those of fewer rooms. The largest stone houses were two which contain 40 rooms each.

In brick, the 5-roomed cottage was most in evidence, followed by 4-roomed ones, and then by those with 6 rooms. The largest brick dwelling (excepting the Lunatic Asylum, Toowoomba, which contains 102 rooms) was one containing 77 rooms.

As compared with the total number of occupied dwellings in the State those of the different materials rank as follow :—

The number of houses built of each kind of material, together with the number of rooms in each, is shown in Table XXXIV. for each Census district, the figures being comparative for the two Census periods, whilst on the last page of the table is given in full a particular description of the material used in the structure of houses classed as "Other."

The average number of persons to an inhabited dwelling for each district and division is shown in Table XXXVI., page 61. In the Northern Division the average number for 1901 was 4.64 against 4.39 for 1891. In the Central Division the average number was 4.72 persons for 1901 against 4.89 persons for 1891. In the Southern Division the average was 5.36 persons in 1901 against 5.29 persons in 1891.

The average number of persons to an inhabited dwelling for the whole State was 5.09 persons for 1901 against 5.04 persons for 1891.

Goldfields.

The population of goldfields, showing the Census district in which they are situated, is given in Table XXXVII., the white (male and female), being distinguished from coloured aliens.

The numbers given are not confined to the workers in goldmines, but include all inhabitants such as storekeepers, market-gardeners, horse-drivers, &c., as well as gold-miners. The number of persons employed in mining for gold, and also for other minerals, is furnished further on in the occupation tables.

In all the settled goldfields, such as Charters Towers, Gympie, Croydon, Eidsvoid, Mount Morgan, Ravenswood, and Cawarral, the percentage of females to males was considerable, and in some cases the sexes were nearly equal in numbers, whilst in the more remote districts the relative number of females diminished, as at Etheridge, Cook, Cloncurry, and Hodgkinson, whilst it was still less at such fields as the Hamilton.

On the Starcke field, in the Cook district, there were only 7 females to 38 males ; on the Russell River field, near Cairns, there were but 8 females to 53 males ; and on the Jordan field, in the same district, there was but 1 female to 58 males ; and at Marodian, in the Tiaro district, there were 12 females to 95 males.

Mining in the settled goldfields is a steady and reliable industry giving regular employment to a number of men who can thus settle down and have homes with as great certainty of permanence as any other section of the community ; but in other places mining does not offer the same conditions of permanence.

In the more remote fields the cost of obtaining supplies is much higher, and frequently the area of auriferous ground is not so extensive as to induce large expenditure in machinery or the working of the mines on the same large scale, therefore the townships are not so populous, and the proportion of women and children smaller than on the more settled fields. On fields like the Hamilton and others in the Peninsula the remoteness from centres of population, and the limited number of contiguous reefs in which payable gold has hitherto been found, restricts the number and size of settlements, whilst the fact of such a large area of country being auriferous, places digging to some extent in the hands of the lonely fossicker and men unencumbered with households.

The numbers of coloured races on each goldfield is also shown in this table, although the coloured people were not necessarily engaged in mining. Indeed, with the exception of the Palmer group of fields, on which there were 402 Chinese compared with 640 male whites, but few coloured aliens are found actively employed as miners.

On the Palmer proper many Chinese follow mining as fossickers, scraping over the gullies and earning a livelihood by dint of persevering labour and patient industry.

Most of the Chinese on the rest of the goldfields, however, were engaged in other occupations, generally at market-gardening, a few being returned as carters, boarding-housekeepers, cooks, &c.

The number of other aliens on goldfields was remarkably small, and there was one large item of 175 Pacific Islanders returned on the Cawarral field in the Westwood district. These were employed in connection with sugar cultivation, which is being carried on within the limits of the goldfield area.

Part III.—AGES.

In entering upon a consideration of the ages of the people, one is struck by the decrease in proportions, as shown at the ages from 20 to 35 in age groups for the different Census periods. In order to overcome the difficulties that arise from careless or untruthful statements no attempt has been made to tabulate the ages in single years after adult age was reached, but it has been done in age groups, which it is believed equalizes inaccuracies which would probably exist in tables of single years.

Table XXXVIII. to LI. Contain full information as to the ages of the population of Queensland, giving numbers of minors and adults, the relative percentages, as well as the actual numbers of males and females for the enumerations of 1886, 1891, and 1901.

The number of infants under 5 years of age was 62,626 persons, of whom 31,626 were males and 31,000 were females ; the total number of children of school age, say from 5 to 15 years, was 121,839 persons, of whom 61,703 were males and 60,136 were females, making the total number of dependent children 184,465 persons, equal to 36.7 per cent. of the total population, although it is quite true that many young people of both sexes are earning their own living wholly or in part before they attain the age of 15 years.

Above the age of 15 years and until 65 years is reached all persons may be classed generally as of a self-supporting age, and of these ages there were 302,190 persons, being 175,509 males and 126,681 females, a proportion per cent. to the total population of 60.05 persons.

In addition to these there were 3,312 male and 368 female adults whose ages were not specified on the Census schedules. These were principally composed of Pacific Islanders whose ages were uncertain to themselves, and were omitted in making up the schedules. Presumably the whole of these adult Pacific Islanders were under 65 years of age, and it is probable that most of the others whose ages are unspecified were also under that age. If the whole of these unspecified were added to those of the self-supporting age, it would raise the numbers to 305,870 and the percentage to 60.8 of the total population.

Above the age of 65 years persons may be classed as dependent, for although many men are able to support themselves at more advanced ages, females are seldom able to do so. There were 12,940 persons of 65 years of age and over, being 7,935 males and 4,975 females, which would be equal to 2.6 per cent. of the total population.

The adults and minors whose ages were unspecified numbered 3,680 and 21 respectively, together equal to 0.7 per cent. of the total population.

Comparisons between the results of the two Census enumerations with respect to ages as grouped are afforded by the following statement :—

The diminution in the proportion of young children to the total population emphasises the decreasing birth rate, as mentioned in the report on Vital Statistics. It also follows that as the proportion of old persons in the population increases, the relative number of births declines. A further factor in reducing the numbers of this class for the later intercensal period, as compared with that ending in 1891, would be the fact that so few immigrants had arrived in the State during the later as compared with the preceding period. From 1886 to 1891 there was a

considerable stream of immigration, and many of those so arriving were either young unmarried adults or married couples of reproductive age. After the financial trouble of 1893 immigration practically ceased.

The proportion of young children under 5 to the whole population at the Census of 1886 was 14 per cent.

There was an equally marked increase in the centesimal proportion of the next group—5 to 15 years—the increase in the percentage approaching the loss in the former group. The ages of these two groups should be the most reliable of any furnished throughout the Census, since they are usually filled in, or, at all events, supplied by the parents, who are the best qualified to give the ages with accuracy. They are undoubtedly swelled by the inclusion of aborigines, who were not taken into the enumeration of the previous Census.

The state of the next group—15 to 65—must be looked upon as being about equal at both periods, since the difference of 0.6 per cent. would be accounted for partly by the number of persons who were absent in South Africa in connection with the war there, who would have been included in this class had they been here, and partly by the inclusion of aborigines, as mentioned previously in connection with another class.

The aged section—from 65 and upwards—was greater in 1901 by 1.1 per cent. than it was in 1891, which is what would be expected. As the population becomes more and more dependent upon natural increase, the conditions will assimilate more closely to those of older countries. This group has not yet attained in Queensland such a high percentage of the whole population as in noticeable in New South Wales, Victoria, or South Australia, where it was 3.44, 3.40, and 4.12 respectively.

For purposes of defence the males may be taken from 20 to 45 years as being of soldiering age, and of these there were 113,099 in the State.

There were also 9,504 males from 18 to 20 years, and 31,437 males from 45 to 60 years, making a total of all males from 18 to 60 years of age of 154,040 individuals.

These numbers include coloured persons, prisoners, &c. The numbers of these cannot be ascertained with certainty owing to the tables not having been compiled with this end in view, but I estimate that there were at the time of taking the Census, exclusive of prisoners, lunatics, and all coloured persons, about 100,000 white males of ages from 20 to 45 years of age. For purposes of defence many coloured aliens would be available, and of these there were 13,745 males between the ages mentioned, and also a large proportion of those whose ages were not specified.

The number of persons in each subdivision of each Census district, distinguishing the sexes and separating into age groups, is shown in Table XLV. Tables XLVI. to LI. furnish similar particulars with regard to each of the alien races and aborigines. Persons of the alien races who have been born in Queensland are included in these tables. The percentage of females and young children amongst the coloured population is very small.

The number, and ratios to the total number, of each race at the various age groups for each section of the coloured alien population were as follow :—

From these figures it will be seen that none of the coloured races are likely, judging by the results of the past, to influence the colour of posterity in Queensland.

The fact that out of over 9,000 Chinese only 677 were found under the age of 15 years shows that they do not increase here as a race to any great extent.

With regard to Pacific Islanders the percentage of children is still lower, whilst between the ages of 15 to 65 years there were only 305 women out of 6,075 persons. A very large number of this race appeared amongst the unspecified ages ; but there is every reason to believe that they practically all belong to the class of between 15 and 65 years, and they have been so treated in the foregoing table. The unspecified amounted to 2,617 males and 112 females.

The number of children of Japanese race was practically nil, and was absolutely so in the case of natives of India and Ceylon, whilst other alien races afford a very small percentage of both women and children.

The mean or average age of persons in Queensland at the Census of 1901 was : males, 26.47 years ; females, 23.08 years ; persons, 24.96 years. The corresponding figures for the Census of 1891 were : males, 25.12 years ; females, 21.48 years ; persons, 23.54 years. So that during the decennial period the average ages of persons has increased by 1.42 years.

The following are the average ages of the population of those States whose Census returns as yet received permit the computation to be made :—

Part IV.—BIRTHPLACES.

A considerable alteration has taken place in the relative proportions of the population born in various countries at the 1901 Census as compared with previous ones. Formerly the population was largely composed of persons born in Europe who came here as immigrants, and this is especially noticeable in the earlier Censuses. As immigration decreased, however, the percentage of persons born in Queensland, compared with the total population, became greater, until, at 1901 Census, over 58 per cent. of the total population were returned as having been born in Queensland. A further large proportion of the inhabitants were natives of other Australian States and New Zealand, and, by adding these to the natives of Queensland, we find that, out of a total of 503,266 persons, 330,144 were natives of Australasia—equal to nearly 66 per cent. of the whole. These would include nearly all the children and young people, the largest percentage of persons of foreign birth being amongst those of maturer age.

Tables LII. to LIV. furnish particulars of the birthplaces at each Census period, and it will be seen that on Census night, 1901, the numbers of persons returned as having been born in the other States of Australasia were as follow :—New South Wales, 24,860 persons = 4.94 per cent ; Victoria, 10,272 persons = 2.04 per cent. ; South Australia, 2,384 = 0.47 per cent. ; Western Australia, 199 = 0.04 per cent. ; Tasmania, 1,308 persons = 0.26 per cent. ; Australia not named, 19 persons. Total, 39,042 persons = 7.76 per cent. New Zealand, 1,571 persons = 0.31 per cent. Total for Australasia, including Queensland, and also including civilised aborigines and half-castes, 330,144 persons = 65.60 per cent.

Taking persons in Queensland who were born in the United Kingdom, we find that natives of England numbered 68,589 persons = 14 per cent. of the total population ; those born in Scotland numbered 19,934 persons = 4 per cent. of the total population ; and those born in Ireland were 37,636 persons = 7 per cent. of the total population. So that persons born in the British Isles constituted 25 per cent. of the whole. Thus we find that persons claiming Australasia and the British Isles as their birthplace, together constituted 91 per cent. of the total population.

European natives of foreign birth did not form a large element in the population, since Frenchmen number but 364, and constitute 0.07 per cent. of the total ; Germans, who were by far the most numerous of all foreigners and numbered 13,163 = 2.61 per cent. ; Italians, 845 = 0.17 per cent. ; Danes, 3,158 = 0.63 per cent. ; Swedes and Norwegians, 2,142 = 0.43 per cent. ; Other Europeans collectively, 1,426 = 0.28 per cent. The total number of Europeans of foreign birth were therefore 21,098, and constituted 4.19 per cent. of the total population.

Canadians numbered 404 = 0.08 per cent. ; natives of the United States, 926 = 0.18 per cent. ; and natives of other States in America, 141 = 0.03 per cent. Total Americans, 1,471 persons = 0.29 of the total.

It will thus be seen that the population of Queensland was on the night of the 1901 Census constituted as follows :—

In order to contrast the composition of the population with regard to birthplaces for the two Census periods, it is necessary not only to consider the numbers, but also the relation those numbers bear to the total population. The total

Queensland born persons had increased from 44.95 per cent. of the total in 1891 to 57.54 per cent. in 1901, whilst those born in other portions of Australasia had increased from 7.18 per cent. to 8.06 per cent. in the same period.

The details are as under :—

Persons in Queensland who were born in the British Isles have decreased both numerically and centesimally during the last Census period, for there were fewer of these at the 1901 Census than there were ten years previously, whilst the decrease in proportion to total population at the latter date is considerable, as the following table will show :—

With respect to other persons of European birth, Germans and French have decreased in numbers, whilst Danes, Swedes and Norwegians, and Italians have increased.

The following are the numbers for each period :—

Those born in America were practically the same in their total figures at both periods, but the percentage to total population was consequently considerably lower at the later date.

With regard to the coloured population, it will be noticed that the numbers given as born in China, Pacific Islands, Japan, &c., do not agree with the total numbers of the people of these races given on Tables IV. and V., Part I., and it may be here explained that whilst the latter tables include all persons of the various races, the birth place tables return them according to where they were born. For instance, Table V. states that there were 9,313 Chinese in Queensland, whilst Table LII. (birthplaces) shows 8,445 persons born in China (exclusive of whites), from which it follows that there were 868 persons of this race who had been born in Australia.

Part V.—EDUCATION.

In Tables LVII. and onwards will be found the details of the degree of education possessed by the people of Queensland ; the number of persons who are able to read and write, read only, or who cannot read, being tabulated under each heading and contrasted with the results, in this respect, of previous Censuses. It will be seen that 204,866 males and 170,280 females were returned at the Census of 1901 as being able to read and write.

Taken on the total male population, the number of males able to read and write constitute 73.14 per cent., or if we except children under 5 years of age the rate would be 9.31 per cent. higher.

Similarly with regard to females, the rate of those able to read and write compared with the total number of females was 76.30 per cent., and if we deduct all those under 5 years of age it would amount to 12.31 per cent. more.

The percentage of all persons who can read and write to the total population amounted to 74.54 per cent., and this includes all coloured aliens and aborigines who adversely influence this degree of education by about 4.09 per cent.

The centesimal proportion of the population able to read and write is steadily increasing, and the proportion for each Census period is shown in Table LVIII. The number of those possessing this degree of education increased by 4.74 per cent. during the decade.

With regard to those able to read only, there was at the Census of 1901 compared with 1891, or indeed with any enumeration since 1868, a smaller number of persons as well as a lower percentage of the population in this class.

There were more persons unable to read or write in 1901 as compared with 1891, but the relative percentage was lower—namely, 22.83 against 25.94 per cent. due doubtless in part to the fact that there were, relatively, fewer children under five years of age.

To obtain the percentage of the white population and their degrees of education it is necessary to deduct from the total numbers the number of coloured persons, and this is done in Table LXXII., which shows the numbers of each coloured race who can read and write, read only, and who cannot read, also the numbers at each age group, exclusive of coloured persons, for each degree of education. The greater proportion of the coloured races are found in the illiterate class.

The number of males and females returned as unable to read of the ages from 5 to 10, 9,177 males and 8,597 females, exclusive of coloured persons, seems very high, but apparently the bulk of them belonged to the youngest age, and would acquire elementary education later, as at the next higher age, 10 to 15 years, only 396 males and 342 females appear as being wholly illiterate.

If we take the number of persons from 5 to 15 years of age as being the population of school age (121,839), it will be found that 95,986 of them could read and write, equal to 78.78 per cent.

Males from 5 to 15 years of age numbered 61,703, and of these 48,238, or 78 per cent., can read and write ; females at these ages numbered 60,136, and of these 47,748, or 79 per cent., could write and read, the percentage of girls who possess this degree of education being slightly higher (1 per cent.) than the boys of that age.

In addition to the above there were 6,036 children who were returned as being able to read, of whom 3,144 were males and 2,892 females. As these were nearly all of early ages, and would undoubtedly acquire further education later, it is only fair to count them in when estimating the number of children receiving education. These would, therefore, add 4.95t per cent. to the percentage given with regard to those able to read and write, the ratio for each sex being 5.10 per cent. males and 4.81 females.

The relative number of children of 5 to 15 years of age who were receiving education would, therefore, amount to 83.73 per cent. of the totals of these ages, 83.28 per cent. for males and 84.21 per cent. for females.

The number of scholars attending Grammar, State, private, and other schools have been compiled for the ages only, during which attendance at school is or may be made compulsory—viz., from 6 to 12 years—and therefore does not give all scholars, inasmuch as it omits all either below or above those ages ; but in the Occupation Table, No. CV., is shown that 51,631 males and 50,488 females, equal to 102,119 persons, were returned as attending school, whilst 2,408 males and 2,950 females, equal to 5,358 persons, were receiving education at home.

The number of scholars attending the various schools at the end of 1900, as returned by the Department for Public Instruction and the principals of Grammar and private schools, were as under :—

The difference is probably due to duplication in school returns. The total number of children of an age from 6 to 12 years in Queensland at the time of the Census was 75,179, and of this number 71,830, or 95.55 per cent., were returned as receiving instruction.

The results of free education provided by the State, which has existed in Queensland for many years, are shown in a striking manner in the following tables, which give the population and degree of education for each of the years of age from 6 to 12 :—

When the vast extent of Queensland is taken into account, and the sparse and scattered population of the more remote places is considered, it is gratifying to find that the facilities for the education of the young are so comprehensive and widespread as to be able to afford such a very large proportion of the children in the State the means of, at all events, elementary education.

The degree of education amongst those returned as Australian natives (not aborigines) in the Census schedules has been compiled separately, and is shown in Table LXIX. Discarding children under 5 years of age, of whom there were

61,659 of Australian birth, and taking all young persons born in Australia from 5 to 21 years of age, the results obtained were as under :—

The total number of the population (all races) for these ages was 178,624 persons.

With regard to the comparatively large percentage of those who cannot read, it will be found that they are principally from 5 to 6 years of age, where they stand at 9,873, falling to one-half that number in the next year, and decreasing still more rapidly until at 15 and 16 years they only numbered 77 persons. So far then as the young people of Queensland who have been born in the Australian States are concerned, illiteracy may be said to have been stamped out—since practically all are in possession of some degree of education.

With regard to the Australian natives of adult age, the following table shows that out of a total of 95,744 persons, only 1,834, equal to 1.91 per cent., were returned as " Cannot read." I believe these figures will compare favourably with the educational results obtained elsewhere.

The degree of education possessed by the coloured races is shown in Table LXXII., where the particulars respecting each race are given separately.

Of Chinese 11.23 per cent. were able to read and write, 0.61 per cent. were able to read only, and 88.2 per cent. were returned as unable to read. This is, of course, with respect to the English language, since all Chinese are able to read and write in their own.

Of Pacific Islanders 6.1 per cent. could read and write, 5.2 per cent. could read only, and 88.7 per cent. were unable to read.

Of Japanese 8.1 per cent. could read and write English, only 3 persons or 0.01 per cent. could read only, and 91.8 per cent. could not even read.

Of natives of India and Ceylon 23.9 per cent. were able to read and write, 0.7 per cent. were able to read only, and 74.9 per cent. were not able to read ; whilst, with regard to 0.5 per cent., the degree of education was " Unspecified."

Of other alien races 14.0 per cent. were able to read and write, 3.1 per cent. were able to read only, 82.8 per cent. could not read, and 0.1 per cent. were " Unspecified."

Of aborigines (civilised) and half-castes 14.9 per cent. were able to read and write, 2.4 per cent. were able to read only, and 82.7 per cent. could not read. Thus a greater percentage of the civilised aborigines were possessed of the higher degree of education than most of the coloured alien races.

Part VI.—CIVIL OR CONJUGAL CONDITION.

In considering the question of the civil or conjugal condition of the people, what should be taken as the marriageable age is an important element. As, however, it would be very difficult to institute close comparisons with respect to this and previous Censuses unless all were compiled on the same basis, I have

accepted that previously used, though the age of 15, which has been adopted as a starting point, seems too young, especially with regard to males. There have been rare instances of girls even so young as 13 years of age married, but no person, male or female, was returned as married in the Census Schedules less than 15 years old. Tables dealing with the civil and conjugal condition of the people will be found in Part VI., commencing at page 162, Table LXXIII.

It will be there seen contrasted, the number of persons at each Census who were never married, married, widowed, &c., and the following Table LXXIV. gives the percentages, similarly contrasted, that each class bore to the total population.

On making a comparison of the figures in Table LXXIII., it will be seen that there were 73,574 more persons returned in 1901 as never married than there were in 1891, of whom 38,748 were males and 34,826 were females, the total number for 1901 being 340,275 persons, of whom 199,844 were males and 140,431 females.

The centesimal proportion of this class to the total population for 1901 was 67.61 per cent. for persons, 39.71 and 27.90 per cent. for males and females respectively.

Married persons in 1901 exceeded those in 1891 by 29,598, of whom males numbered 14,915 and females 14,683. The total number for 1901 being 145,081 persons, of whom 72,802 were males and 72,279 females. The centesimal proportions being 28.83 for persons, 14.47 for males, and 14.36 for females.

Of persons who had lost their married partners in life there were in 1901 5,991 more than in 1891, of whom 2,377 were males and 3,614 were females. There were 17,188 widowed persons returned at the 1901 Census, of whom 6,878 were males and 10,309 females ; the proportion of widowed persons to the total population in 1901 was 3.42 per cent. ; males being equal to 1.37 per cent., and females to 2.05 per cent.

In 1901 there were 101 males and 44 females, equal to 145 persons, who had been divorced. As this information was collated for the first time in 1901, it is not comparable with the figures of the previous Censuses.

The number of persons whose condition was not stated was 577 in 1901, being greater numerically by 240 persons, and centesimally by 0.02 than in 1891.

In Table LXXVI. is shown the number and percentages of males and females for each condition, in age groups, and from these it appears that there were at the last Census 106,508 males of upwards of 15 years of age who had never married, 6,879 widowers, and 101 divorced, making a total number of 113,488 males qualified by age and conjugal condition to contract marriage.

Females of similar ages and conditions were found to be as follow :—Total number of females over 15 years of age who had never married, 49,281, 10,309 widows, and 44 divorced, being a total of 59,634 females qualified to contract marriage.

The ages at which persons are most likely to marry may be said to be from 18 to 40 years for males and from 16 to 30 years for females, for although there are many marriages of persons who are above these ages, yet the greater number of both men and women who marry at all do so at some age between those mentioned.

The conjugal condition of persons for the individual years between the ages of 15 and 20 has not been tabulated. Assuming, therefore, that all married males are above 18 and all married females are above 16 years of age, there were at the Census of 1901, 69,628 males between the ages of 18 and 40 years who may be taken as either never married, widowed, or divorced, and this may be said to constitute the number of marrying males in Queensland at that time.

The number of females between the ages of 16 and 30 years who may likewise be considered as never married, widowed, or divorced, was 38,562. In order to limit the investigation to white persons, the number of coloured aliens and aborigines should be eliminated, but neither the conjugal condition nor the

exact numbers of these for each year between 15 and 20 have been compiled. However, from other data available a very close estimate is possible, and the numbers would then appear as follows :—

So that at these ages, which are those at which men and women are most likely to marry, there were amongst the white population a proportion between the sexes equal to 3 men to every 2 women.

The number of married females under 45 years in any country are usually accepted as constituting the child-bearing portion of the population, and of these there were 53,617 in Queensland at the 1901 Census, whilst at the 1891 Census the number was 44,537. A number of single women contribute children to the population each year, and of these there were 848 for last year.

The number of widows greatly exceeds the number of widowers, as indeed is found in all countries. The number of persons of this condition in 1901 was 10,309 and 6,879 respectively, against 6,695 and 4,502 in 1891. At both periods there were almost exactly fifty (50) per cent. more widows than widowers. Queensland statistics for some years back show that a greater number of widows re-marry each year than do widowers, so that the greater number of females amongst those widowed must be due to the higher mortality found amongst men by reason of the more hazardous nature of their occupations. Whilst there were 3 widowers under 20 years of age, there were 9 widows. There were considerably more than twice as many widows as there were widowers at from 21 to 35 years of age, but after 35 the proportion diminishes to about 3 widows to 2 widowers and remains fairly constant at that proportion, diminishing slightly over 60 years.

The greatest number of both widows and widowers for any period was found at over 60, but as the period expands from a quinquennial to decennial one the increase in numbers is more relative than actual.

Divorce.

As tables regarding divorced persons were not compiled in previous Censuses, there exist no means of comparison under this head. The number of persons who were so returned was small, being 101 males and 44 females. The youngest male divorced was returned as between 21 and 25 years of age, at which period there was only the one. The greatest number at any age period is from 40 to 45 years of age for males, when there were 26 so returned. Amongst females the youngest appears as under 21 years of age. The greatest number at any age period was at 25 to 30 years, when there were 11. The next age period, 30 to 35, shows 10 females.

Divorce is not limited to the white population, since in Table LXXXIX. it is found that 1 Pacific Islander (male), 2 Japanese (male and female), and 1 male of other alien race were returned as having been thus relieved of matrimonial responsibility.

Husbands and Wives.

As illustrating the increase in the average age of the community before alluded to, it may be pointed out that the greatest number of husbands appear to be of ages between 35 and 40 years, there being 13,384 in this group for 1901. In the Census of 1891 the largest number was found in the group next younger—viz., 30 to 35—which contained 10,801.

In the 1901 Census, whilst, as just stated, the 35 to 40 age group contained the greatest number of husbands, it was followed fairly closely by the group 40 to 45 years with 11,319, and then by the younger group, 30 to 35 years, with almost equal number—11,156. In the 1891 Census the second place in order of preponderance was with the younger group, 25 to 30 years, followed by the older one of 35 to 40.

Turning to the females, it is found that the greatest number of wives in any one age group appeared in that from 30 to 35 years with 13,006, followed by the 35 to 40 group with 11,737, and that in turn almost equalled by the younger group of 25 to 30 years with 11,708.

On examination, the 1891 Census discloses a similar increase in the average ages of wives as obtained with regard to the husbands, the largest group being of a younger age than in 1901. The greatest number of wives in any one age group appeared in that of 25 to 30 years with 12,002, followed by the next higher groups of 30 to 35 and 35 to 40 in succession.

Table LXXIX. and LXXX. show respectively the number of husbands and wives, in age groups, in each Census district, whilst Tables LXXXI. and LXXXII. show similar information with regard to males and females who have never married. Tables LXXXIII. to LXXXVI. supply similar information with regard to widowers, widows, and divorced persons, and the two following Tables LXXXVII. and LXXXVIII. with regard to those whose condition was not specified.

Tables LXXXIX. in several portions show the total population in age groups, distinguishing coloured aliens (by races) and aborigines from white persons.

From this it appears that of the Chinese, 8,490 males and 425 females were returned as never married, 258 males and 98 females were returned as married, also 35 widowers, and 7 were widows. There were, therefore, 2.94 of the total Chinese male population married, whilst 0.40 were widowers. The females of this race who were returned as never married were born in Australia, and were principally children and young girls, only 26 being over 21 years of age ; whilst those returned as wives and widows were almost without exception born in China.

In compiling tables respecting the Chinese it may be pointed out that the question of marriage was limited to the fact of their having, or having had, a wife in Australia. It is well known that the greater number of Chinese who are of adult age before leaving China are married, but the question of their having a wife in their native country was not entertained.

Of Pacific Islanders 8,265 males and 419 females were returned as never married, 358 males and 248 females as being married, 32 as widowers, and 4 as widows, whilst 1 male was returned as divorced. Compared with the total males of this race 4.14 per cent. were married, and of the total females 36.90 per cent. were married. Upwards of 70 per cent. of the females of this race returned as never married, were under the age of 21 years.

Of Japanese 1,837 males and 87 females were returned as never married, 271 males and 66 females as married, 6 males as widowers, and 1 male and 1 female as divorced. Of the total males of this race 12.81 per cent. were married, and of the total females 42.86 per cent.

Of the natives of India and Ceylon, out of the 929 males enumerated, slightly over 8 per cent. were married, and the females numbered only 10 altogether.

Other alien races returned 1,388 males and 135 females as never married, 151 males and 87 females as married, 17 males and 8 females as widowed.

The proportion of males married to total males was 9.70 per cent., and of females married to total females 37.83 per cent. The reason of the large percentage in the latter case being the very small number of females belonging to this class.

Part VII.—RELIGIONS.

The religions of the people and their divisions into sects, ages, and districts, are shown in Tables XC. to C. The first table of this part shows the numbers of each religion for each Census period, with numerical and centesimal increase or decrease.

The persons returning themselves as belonging to the Church of England numbered, in 1901, 101,468 males, 83,555 females—equal to 185,023 persons. During the decade the increase amounted to 21,654 males, 20,814 females—equal to 42,468 persons—representing centesimal increase of 27.13, 33.17 and 29.79 respectively, on the numbers of 1891. The persons returned as members of the Church of England constituted 36.76 per cent. of the total population.

The next largest religious body is that of the Roman Catholics, and of these there were 63,345 males and 57,318 females—equal to 120,633 persons. The increase during the decade was 14,657 males and 13,241 females—being 27,898 persons—representing centesimal increases of 30.12, 30.04, and 30.07 respectively, on the numbers of 1891. The persons returned as Roman Catholics constituted 23.98 per cent. of the total population.

Presbyterians ranked next in numerical importance, the numbers for 1901 being 31,463 males, 26,152 females—equal to 57,615 persons. The increase during the decennial period was 5,990 males, 5,986 females—equal to 11,976 persons. The centesimal increases amounted to 23.51, 29.68, and 26.24 respectively, on the numbers for 1891. The members of this denomination constituted 11.45 per cent. of the total population in 1901.

The next in numerical importance were the Methodists, and members of the different sections of this denomination returned themselves under the various headings to which they had been accustomed, many not appearing to recognize the amalgamation which had then recently taken place. Undoubtedly all should have been returned as Methodists, but, instead of this, many adhered to their old titles and returned themselves as Wesleyans, Primitive Methodist, &c. In order to arrive at the true statement of numbers, it will be available to add together the whole of those belonging to the churches which have amalgamated, as under :—

The centesimal rate of increase on the numbers of 1891 being 48.22 for males, 50.21 females, and 49.18 for persons.

The numbers of these denominations taken together constituted 9.26 per cent. of the total population.

It is possible that some of the persons included in the above did not intend to appear as Methodists, and may not have accepted the amalgamation agreed upon and carried out, and, if so, they should not be included ; but I am satisfied that the number of such persons would be very small, and would not appreciably affect the total figures or percentages.

Congregationalists, who include Independents, were returned in 1901 as being 4,810 males, 4,953 females—equal to 9,763 persons—and constituted 1.94 per cent. of the total population. They showed an increase, as compared with 1891, of 509 males, 683 females—equal to 1,192 persons. The centesimal increase amounted to 11.83, 16.00 and 13.91 respectively, of the same denomination in 1891.

Baptists numbered 6,177 males and 6,075 females—equal to 12,252 persons—in 1901, and constituted 2.43 per cent. of the total population. As compared with 1891, the numbers had increased by 1,064 males and 932 females—equal to 1,996 persons. The centesimal increases during the intercensal period were 20.81, 18.12 and 19.46 respectively.

Lutherans numbered 14,120 males and 11,385 females—equal to 25,505 persons—and constituted 5.07 per cent. of the total population. As compared with 1891, they had increased by 1,117 males, 1,005 females—equal to 2,322 persons. The centesimal rates of increase were 8.59, 9.68, and 9.07 respectively.

Salvationists numbered 2,758 males and 2,782 females—equal to 5,540 persons—and numbered 1.10 per cent. of the total population. The increase since 1891 was 675 males and 844 females—equal to 1,519 persons.

In addition to the foregoing, there were a large number of persons who were returned as members of other Protestant bodies, and these have been included in one heading in Table XC. as other Protestants, the number for 1901 being 2,994 persons, and almost the same as in 1891, when 2,956 persons were thus tabulated.

There were, besides, doubtless others who properly should be included amongst the Protestant bodies ; but, as the description of their faith as furnished in the Census schedules was vague, the practice adopted in previous enumerations has been adhered to in order not to break continuity of comparison or to bring a disturbing factor into the question. A close scrutiny of the items included under the heads of other Christian sects and other religions will well repay those who are interested in this subject.

The fullest details are given of the different sects thus classed, number of members, &c., in Table XCII.

It thus appears that the total numbers of Protestants tabulated as such were 186,628 males, 158,665 females, 345,293 persons, and that Roman Catholics were 63,345 males, 57,318 females, and 120,663 persons. The Protestants constituting 68.61 per cent., and Roman Catholics 23.98 per cent. of the total population.

Hebrews form but a very small proportion of the population, and have decreased in numbers since 1891. There were only 733 persons of this persuasion returned in Queensland in 1901, of whom 416 were males and 317 were females, and they formed but 0.15 of the total population.

Mohammedans and Pagans have been tabulated together, and numbered in 1891, 19,128 persons, and formed 3.80 per cent. of the total population.

" Other Religions " are tabulated together, and included 2,967 persons. They appear at length in Table XCII., where they are shown exactly as returned in the schedules.

It was optional with all persons to return their religion or not in the schedules, and 4,790 persons objected to state their religion, and a further 2,928 returned themselves as being of no religion, and a still further 945 persons neglected to fill in the column and were classed as unspecified, so that with respect to 8,663 persons no information on this head was obtainable. These constituted 1.72 per cent. of the total population.

Table XCII. shows at length the details which are grouped together in Table XC. as " Other Protestants," " Other Christian Sects," " Other Religions," and " No Religion," and there are to be found, the many peculiar names under which persons returned themselves, and which seem common to all Census enumerations. Many items consisted of only one person, such as Puseyite, Anti-Ritualist, Australian Christian, Assembly of God, Arian, Fatalist, Pilgrim, and many others.

Amongst those who were tabulated under the heading of " No Religion," 193 persons were returned as Agnostics, 67 as Atheists, 1,963 as Freethinkers, 2 as of no belief, and 630 as of no religion.

The numbers of males and females of each denomination in each Census district is shown in Table XCI., whilst in Table XCIII. is shown the proportion borne by each sect to the total population for each Census period, and will enable any person to see the development of each denomination in its centesimal proportions from the first Census taken in Queensland.

The numbers of each denomination tabulated in single years up to 15 years of age, and thence in age groups, the sexes being distinguished, is shown in Table XCIV.

The religious denominations under which Chinese were returned in each Census district is shown in Table XCV., and similar information respecting other coloured races is shown in the following Tables, Nos. XCVI. to C.

With regard to Chinese it would appear that there were 1,317 persons who professed to be Christians, and 7,951 who were Pagans, and 45 were returned, as being of " Other Religions, " 831 were returned as belonging to the Church of England, 27 as Roman Catholics, and 269 Presbyterians, Methodists, &c. Christians represented 14.14 per cent. of the total number of Chinese in Queensland.

Pacific Islanders show a much larger percentage professing Christianity, since out of a total of 9,327 persons no less than 3,812 persons were returned as belonging to some Christian denomination, being 41 per cent. of the whole, whilst 5,515 were returned as Pagans, equal to 59 per cent. of the whole number. The number returned as belonging to each sect is shown in Table XCVI.

Of Japanese 168 persons, or 7 per cent. of the whole, were returned as belonging to some Christian denomination, 2,101 persons, or 93 per cent., being Pagans or belonging to other religions.

Out of 939 natives of India and Ceylon, 65 persons were returned as being Christians. Of other Alien Races, out of a total of 1,787 persons 800 were returned as Christians, 1 Hebrew, 1 of no religion, 862 Mohammedan or Pagan, and 123 of " Other Religions."

Of Half-Castes and Civilised Aborigines 47 per cent. were returned as belonging to Christian sects.

Part VIII.—OCCUPATIONS.

The statistics regarding the occupations of the people have been tabulated generally on the lines laid down at the previous Census. Some departure has, however, been made with respect to certain details, so as to obtain more general consistency throughout the compilation. Some of the sub-orders have been divided, and in some instances the number of subdivisions extended, the effect of such alterations being to amplify the details considerably on the whole.

The actual classification was not finally adopted until the general compilation had made considerable progress, and, in consequence, this portion of the work became almost the last to be completed.

Changes in classification are necessary from time to time, but, if of importance, they greatly increase the difficulty of comparison between one Census period and another ; and it is only by comparing the results obtained by one Census with those obtained at another that the progress of the State can be correctly gauged and measured.

The number of classes under which the population was recorded in 1891 was 7, and in the 1901 Census an additional class was introduced, containing occupations relating to transport and communication. These had previously been tabulated in Class III. as Commercial Occupations, but it was considered that on this occasion they were of sufficient importance to be erected into a separate class, with various orders and sub-orders to separate the different callings more effectually. Classes III. and IV. in the tabulation of 1901 will be analogous to Class III. in that of 1891.

The results of the two Census periods may be contrasted as follow :—

From the above it will be seen that, compared with the previous Census, there were increases in the percentages of the population included in the Professional, Commercial, Transport, and Dependent Classes, whilst the percentages of those returned in the Domestic, Industrial, Agricultural, &c., and Indefinite Classes, have decreased.

It appears peculiar that the numbers in Classes II., V., and VI., which contain domestics and primary producers, should show lower percentages, as compared with the total population, than the same classes did in 1891 ; but a careful examination of the tables of the former Census leads me to the belief that the difference is in the method of tabulation. For instance, in 1891 no less than 5,311 females were returned as farmers, and apparently most of the adult females on farms

were treated as farmers ; but, in 1901, only the 1,683 females actually returned as " Farmers or Relatives assisting" were thus tabulated, and other females on farms who were wives, daughters, &c., and not returned as assisting, were for the most part placed in the Dependent Class (No. 8) ; so that, whilst the Domestic, Industrial, and Agricultural, &c., Classes were diminished in relative numbers, the Dependent Class was increased. Thus, although there is apparently a centesimal decrease, I believe it to be largely due to the different method adopted in compilation, and that the numbers in the tables for 1901 are more accurate in this respect than those for the former period. On comparing males only for the two periods considerable increases are to be noted in Classes IV., V., and VI. of 1901 with the corresponding classes of 1891, that for Class VI. being specially pronounced. The increase in the number of males returned as employed in transport and communication, and in the industrial and agricultural, &c., classes being 27,300 greater in 1901 than was so returned in 1891. As already stated, a large increase is noticeable in Class VI., " Persons engaged in Agricultural, Pastoral, Mining, and other Primary Industries," for the number of males so employed in 1891 was 20,342 greater than were returned for these industries in 1891.

With regard to the increase in numbers which have taken place in the different classes into which the occupations are divided, it will be more convenient to consider them as far as possible in the order in which they occur in the tables, the first being—

Class I.—Professional.

Order 1 comprises four sub-orders, and in number 1 of these appear officers connected with the Government who were not otherwise classed. The total number returned in this sub-order in 1901 was 847 males and 15 females against 796 males and 10 females in 1891. Local Government Officers had increased from 261 males and 4 females in 1891 to 365 males and 7 females in 1901. Sub-order 3—Defence—totaled 912 males in 1891, when it included a number of the Defence Force under arms in connection with the Shearers' Strike, whilst in 1901 the 778 males then returned included the sixth contingent about to sail for South Africa. In Sub-order 4—Law and Order—the total number in 1901 was 1,934 males and 24 females, whilst in 1891 there were 1,610 males and 16 females returned under this heading, the increase including 134 more barristers and solicitors at the later period, 163 more males in the Police Force, and 31 more male warders in prisons. Small increases and reductions in other items balancing the figures.

In connection with Religion—Order II., Sub-order 1—there were 583 males and 107 females returned in 1901 against 466 males and 44 females in 1891. The increase amongst the males consisting of 38 clergymen and 105 irregular clergy, including Salvationists, there being small diminutions in some of the other numbers. Under Subsection 2, all officers relating to charity are tabulated, and under number 3 all persons whose occupation is in connection with health appear. These latter include medical men, dentists, chemists, hospital nurses, and attendants, other nurses (not domestic), &c., and in all the various headings there are increases during the intercensal period. The greatest increase appears amongst dentists, who increased from 61 to 192 in that period.

In Literature—Sub-order 4—there was an increase in only one heading, that of author, editor, journalist, whilst the number of male reporters was less for the later period.

The number of persons returned as connected with Science—Sub-order 5—increased under each head.

Under Sub-order 6, the greatest increase in numbers occurs with respect to surveyors, who had increased from 219 in 1891 to 495 in 1901. The next increase of any note was that of electricians, who in 1891 numbered 27 males, and had risen to 102 in 1901. The latter do not include workers with electricity used for light or energy, nor telegraphists, these being classed under special headings.

Under Sub-order 7 are included all educational teachers except those of art or music, and, whilst this sub-order totaled 902 males and 1,571 females in 1891, there were 1,309 males and 2,029 females returned in it in 1901. The greatest increase took place in the item " Teachers of Public Schools," who numbered 514 males and

637 females in 1891 and 1,047 males and 1,278 females in 1901. So that the ratio of increase amongst these has been considerably greater than that of the total population.

The total increase in Class I. in males for the intercensal period was 1,701.

Amongst females who are classed as professional there was a large increase, amounting to 1,564. The heads under which the more noticeable increases were shown were—irregular clergy, 84 ; sisters of charity, 89 ; nurses, 590 ; hospital attendants, 96 ; school teachers, 506 ; music teachers, 198 ; besides smaller increases under other heads. Governesses, teaching for the most part in private houses, showed a considerable diminution in number—the decrease amounting to 72—no doubt due largely to the financial depression. Two instances occur amongst the occupations of females which are not usually met with, in which one female appears as being a surveyor, and a second was tabulated as an architect. Both these cases were scrutinized carefully, but had every appearance of being bond fide.

The total number of persons returned as belonging to the professional class in 1901 was 13,741, and in 1891, 10,476, the centesimal proportions to total population being 2.73 and 2.66 respectively, so that the increase during the decennial period was 3,265 persons, and 0.07 per cent.

Class II.—Domestic.

With regard to the persons tabulated in the order and sub-orders in this class, some difference existed in the method of compilation at the two Census periods. In 1891 domestic servants employed in hotels, &c., and relatives assisting, both male and female, were not included with keepers of such hotels, tea-rooms, boarding-houses, &c., but placed in the same sub-order under the title of " Others," whilst in the 1901 compilation all these servants, male and female, were tabulated in the same line as their employers. Taking the total numbers in the sub-orders, however, the increase is what might have been expected with the growth of population. With respect to Sub-order 1, including hotels, boarding-houses, &c., keepers, there were 3,075 males and 4,535 females tabulated in 1901, against, 2,596 males and 3,264 females in 1891, the increase for the decennial period being 479 males and 1,271 females, equal to 1,750 persons.

Under Sub-order 2, in the domestic class, which contains all domestic servants except those belonging to hotels, &c., already alluded to, and who have been tabulated in Sub-order 1, there were 4,875 males and 12,725 females in 1901, whilst in 1891 there were 3,367 males and 11,159 females, the increase during the decennial period being 1,508 males and 1,566 females, equal to 3,074 persons, the ratio of increase amongst males being more than three times greater than that of females.

As a matter of fact, although numerically greater, the domestic class has not increased in proportion to the general population, the centesimal ratios having been 5.18 in 1891 and only 5.01 in 1901. The dislike entertained by many Australian-born females for domestic service, and the greater opportunities for other employment that have arisen through the establishment of factories of various kinds, has permitted many female workers to seek other avenues of labour. Females have increased both numerically and relatively, but there was a smaller proportion of them engaged in domestic service than in past years.

There were 25,210 persons in the domestic class in 1901 and 20,386 in 1891, the increase for the decennial period being 4,824 persons, equal to 23.66 per cent., of whom 1,987 were males and 2,837 females.

Class III.—Commercial.

Includes persons directly connected with the hire, sale, transfer, distribution, storage, and security of property and materials, and is a large class subdivided into three Sub-classes, A, B, and C, and into many orders and sub-orders. In the previous Census it also included persons connected with transport and communication, but in 1901 these were created a separate class.

In Sub-class A those persons were returned who were connected with property and finance. All persons engaged and employed in connection with trade were included in Sub-class B, and Sub-class C contained all persons engaged in storage.

In Sub-order 1 of Order IV., enumerating persons employed in connection with banking and finance, there was a slight increase of 31 persons during the decennial period, 24 of whom were females. In the sub-order relating to insurance and valuation the increase was considerable, being 281 persons, of whom only 2 were females, principally under heads relating to insurance and auctioneering. In Sub-order 3 the number of persons returned as land or house proprieters or agents had increased by 264 persons, of whom 169 were females. The total number of persons returned under this order in 1901 was 3,537, against 2,926 in 1891, being an increase of 611 persons, of whom 415 were males and 196 females, an increase during the decennial period amounting to 20.88 per cent.

Order 5 in the same class shows large increases in many of the sub-orders, notably in the number of booksellers, stationers, newsagents, fancy goods dealers, &c., &c., but on investigation it is found that some of the apparent increases were due to differences in classification. For instance, in 1891 watchmakers and jewellers were classed separately and for the most part included in the industrial class, whilst in 1901 most of these persons were included in the commercial class. The total number of persons included in Order V., Sub-class B of Class III., in 1901, was 1,543 males and 216 females, equal to 1,759 persons, and in 1891 there were 632 males and 80 females, or 712 persons, being an increase for the decennial period of 911 males and 136 females, equal to 1,047 persons.

In Order VI. of Class III., those persons are tabulated who were engaged in the sale, hire, or exchange of textile fabrics, the sub-orders distinguishing between textile fabrics, dress, and fibrous materials. The number of persons engaged in these branches of commercial life had nearly doubled in the males, and more than trebled in the females, the actual figures being :—

The number of persons engaged in the sale of food, drink, narcotics, and stimulants (apart from those employed in hotels), as tabulated in Order VII., had also increased, the males by over 65 per cent., and the females by over 108 per cent. The callings returning the greatest numbers were, amongst men—butchers, of whom there were 2,573, and grocers with 2,402 ; and, amongst females, there were 260 grocers, 226 greengrocers and fruiterers, and 130 confectioners.

Order VIII. included persons dealing with and training animals and those dealing with animal and vegetable substances. The greatest increase in the order was in produce dealers, who had advanced from 75 males and 1 female in 1891 to 376 males and 9 females in 1901. The definitions adopted at the two Censuses were not exactly interchangeable, and this circumstance may have contributed in part to the increases. The total number of persons in this order was 1,584 in 1901 against 783 in 1891.

Order IX. consists only of one sub-order, and the greatest increase in one line was in that of dealers in firewood and fuel, which included 43 persons in 1891, and had risen to 878 persons in 1901. This rise in numbers was owing probably to the manner in which the occupations were returned on many of the schedules. Passing Order X. with the remark that ironmongers had increased from 345 persons in 1891 to 626 in 1901, we find in Order XI. merchants had increased from 340 in 1891 to 1,042 in 1901, and storekeepers from 2,600 to 2,805 persons, whilst the whole order had increased from 6,789 persons to 7,316 in the same period.

The total number of persons returned as being connected with commercial pursuits in 1901, as tabulated in Class III., was 22,982 males and 3,524 females, equal to 26,506 persons, against 15,969 males, 1,908 females, equal to 17,877 persons in 1891, being an increase during the decennial period of 7,013 males and 1,616 females, equal to 8,629 persons, and being a centesimal increase of 43.92, 84.70, and 48.27 respectively.

As has been already stated, the persons tabulated in the commercial class represented 5.27 per cent. of the total population in 1901, against 4.54 per cent. for the orders which represented the same occupations in 1891, and their increase explains the rapid growth of population in cities and towns as compared with that in rural districts, and indicates that trading pursuits are more sought after than those connected with primary production.

Class IV.—Transport and Communication.

This class, which includes all persons connected with the transport of goods and passengers or in effecting communication, was, in the Census of 1891, tabulated as part of Class III. ; the numbers were, however, similarly classified in orders in each Census, and are thoroughly comparable. In Order XIV. Sub-order 1, appear the number employed in connection with railways (not construction), and these had increased from 2,486 males and 141 females, equal to 2,627 persons, in 1891, to 5,342 males and 172 females, or 5,514 persons, in 1901, the number of males employed having more than doubled in the interval.

In Sub-order 2 are shown the number of persons employed in connection with tramways, omnibuses, coaches, drays, &c., which in 1891 totalled 5,325 persons, of whom 32 were females. In 1901 there were 6,024 persons returned as belonging to this sub-order, of whom 437 were connected with electric tramways.

In Sub-order 3 the number of persons connected with transportation by water had increased from 3,779 persons in 1891 to 4,739 in 1901, those connected with the postal service from 594 in 1891 to 843 in 1901, and with electric telegraphs from 577 to 843 persons during the same interval.

The total number of persons returned as being connected with transport and communication in 1901 was 18,188 persons, of whom 17,847 were males and 341 were females, against 13,394 persons in 1891, of whom 13,142 were males and 252 were females, being an increase during the decennial period of 4,794 persons, of whom 4,705 were males and 89 females, and centesimal increases of 35.79, 35.80, and 35.32 respectively.

As mentioned before, this class constituted 3.61 per cent. of the total population in 1901 against 3.40 per cent. in 1891.

Class V.—Industrial.

The workers in Industrial Arts are grouped together in Class V., which is subdivided again into nine orders, and further into thirty-five sub-orders, each order representing one branch of industry, and subdivided again, as it is desired to separate such branches in further detail. Workers in primary producing industries are not included, but will be found tabulated separately in Class VI.

The first order (XV.) in Class V. comprises all persons whose employment relates to manufactures or some of the processes relating to art or mechanical production, and as it is most comprehensive in its scope it is divided into sixteen sub-orders.

The first of these includes those whose occupations are in connection with books and publications. There were 1,299 persons so employed in 1891, and the number had increased in 1901 to 1,768 persons. The increases were distributed throughout the group, publishers and newspaper proprietors having increased since the previous Census by 106 persons, printers by 151, compositors by 114, machinists, &c., by 44, bookbinders (of whom there were 129 females) from 156 to 240, whilst " others " showed a decrease of 30.

In Sub-order 2 there were 82 makers of musical instruments, tuners, &c., in 1901, against 67 in 1891 ; and in Sub-order 3—persons engaged in producing prints, pictures, and art materials—there was a small increase of 10 persons.

In Sub-order 4 there was an increase of 133 persons, principally makers of paper bags and boxes, and brooms.

Passing Sub-orders 5 to 9, which contain but few persons, we find in Sub-order 10, engineers, machine-makers, and others in similar employments. A comparison with the numbers returned at the 1891 Census is rendered difficult owing

to alterations in classification ; as, for instance, at the former Census mechanical engineers were tabulated as workers in metals, &c., whilst in 1901 they were included with engine-makers. In 1891 engineers, fitters, turners, and boiler-makers numbered 627, and in 1901 they had increased to 1,484 persons. This points to the large expansion which has undoubtedly taken place in this branch of industry, in which great progress has been made in starting new establishments, and the extension of the business of old ones. In Sub-order 11—makers of carts, carriages, &c.—there was an increase of 278 persons, builders of railway carriages, &c., having increased by 82, and coach-builders by 319. Bicycle-makers rose from 2 persons in 1891 to 78 in 1901, whilst there was a large decrease in " others."

In Sub-order 12, saddlers and harness-makers had increased from 965 in 1891 to 1,195 in 1901.

In Sub-order 13, ship and boat builders, who were the most numerous, had increased from 207 in 1891 to 232 in 1901.

In Sub-order 14, furniture and cabinet-makers had increased from 407 in 1891 to 599 in 1901, and upholsterers from 131 to 140.

In Sub-order 15, sawmill owners and workers had risen from 782 in 1891 to 1881 in 1901, but an alteration in classification makes comparison between the two Census returns difficult with regard to other items.

With respect to Order XVI., which includes all persons whose employment is in connection with the manufacture of or other processes relating to textile fabrics, dress, and fibrous material, the first sub-order includes those employed in connection with textile fabrics, and the only line of much importance is that relating to woolen manufactures, which in 1901 employed 131 persons, of whom 67 were females, against 90 in 1891.

Workers in dress, tabulated in Sub-order 2, were much greater in number, the total number of persons returned in this connection in 1901 being 9,498, of whom 2,984 were males and 6,514 females, against 7,218 persons in 1891. The greatest increase occurs amongst clothing manufacturers, tailors, and dressmakers, who, with the shirtmakers, numbered 4,982 in 1891, and had increased to 6,880 in 1901, an increase of 1,898 persons. In bootmakers there was an increase from 1,749 persons in 1891 to 2,204 in 1901.

Workers in fibrous materials, Sub-order 3, numbered 87 persons in 1901, against 62 persons in 1891.

Order XVII. embraces all persons engaged in connection with manufacture, &c., relating to foods and drinks, and in Sub-order 1 are tabulated all those who were employed in the treatment of animal food, and in this, as would be anticipated from the advances made in meatworks and butter factories, there was a very large increase in the number of persons engaged in these and kindred industries. Slaughtermen increased from 54 in 1891 to 209 in 1901. Meat and bacon works employees, &c., advanced from 157 to 998, cheese and butter makers from 13 to 204, the total number of persons in this sub-order having increased from 229 in 1891 to 1,447 in 1901.

In Sub-order 2 are tabulated all whose occupations were in connection with vegetable food, and, as was the case in the previous subdivision, the increase in numbers for each line was considerable. Millers, &c., increased from 51 in 1891 to 174 in 1901, bakers from 921 to 1,498, jam-makers, &c., from 38 to 146, makers of confectionery from 123 to 184 persons. The largest increase appears amongst the owners of sugar mills and sugar refiners, who numbered 75 in 1891 and 884 in 1901, due to the inclusion at the later date of workers in sugar mills and refineries with the owners. The total number of persons in this subdivision had increased from 1,363 in 1891 to 2,890 in 1901.

Sub-order 3 contains those whose occupations were connected with the manufacture or treatment of groceries, drinks, narcotics, &c., and of these, brewers had increased from 164 in 1891 to 366 in 1901 ; makers of ginger-beer, cordials, &c., from 343 to 595 persons. Tobacco manufacturers from 112 to 157, whilst the whole sub-order had increased from 688 in 1891 to 1,256 in 1901.

The total number of persons included in this order in 1891 was 2,280, and in 1901 had increased to 5,593, an increase of over 145 per cent. in the ten years.

Order XVIII. is subdivided into four sub-orders, and comprises soap and candle makers, fellmongers, tanners, and fencers, as well as four persons engaged in the manufacture of paper. The exclusion in 1901 of sawmill owners, sawyers, and coopers, although slightly discounted by the inclusion of tanners and curriers, changes an apparent decrease into an actual, although not extensive, increase.

Order XIX. is subdivided into three sub-orders. Number 1 containing persons working in stone and clay, &c. ; Number 2, workers in jewellery, &c. ; and Number 3, workers in metals not otherwise classed. Number 1 shows small increase on practically all its lines for the intercensal period ; Number 2 shows considerable comparative decreases, due to differences in classification. Amongst the trades showing the greatest number of workers are ironfounders, moulders, &c., who increased from 354 in 1891 to 853 in 1901, an increase of 499 persons. Tinsmiths increased from 295 to 520, equal to 225 persons ; and blacksmiths from 1,947 to 2,416, or by 469 persons in the same period. The exclusion of engineers from this class has affected comparisons.

Order XX. is limited to persons connected with lighting by either gas or electricity, and to charcoal burners, &c. Workers in gas manufacture increased from 76 in 1891 to 175 in 1901, and workers in electric lighting from 7 to 32 persons.

Order XXI. is divided into two sub-orders, the first of which includes all persons connected with the building trade. The most numerous occupation in this sub-order was that of carpenter, which in 1891 included joiner, and numbered 4,427 men. In 1901 there were 4,203 tabulated as carpenters and their labourers, only 284 joiners being entered in Order XV. So that the numbers for the two Census periods show little variation. Painters and glaziers (the next most numerous class) numbered 798 in 1891, and had increased to 948 in 1901. Plumbers had increased from 649 to 857 in the same period. Bricklayers had decreased from 555 to 466, and stonemasons similarly from 269 to 240 males.

With regard to Sub-order 2, the most numerous item was navies, who, in 1891 numbered 2,965 men, and had decreased in 1901 to 1885, owing doubtless to the smaller amount of earthwork and railway construction going on at the later date.

Order XXII. deals with persons whose occupation is in connection with burial of the dead, and the disposal of refuse, and in these there was a slight increase only.

Order XXIII. includes all those industrial workers whose occupations were not sufficiently defined to enable them to be definitely classified, and the numbers so dealt with were only 9,380 in 1901 against 14,622 in 1891, greater care having evidently been exercised in filling up the schedules at the later date.

The whole of the persons included in the industrial class in 1891 was 47,184, of whom 42,015 were males and 5,169 females, and in 1901 the number had increased to 51,716, of whom 44,268 were males and 7,448 females, the increases being 4,532, 2,253, and 2,279 respectively.

In 1891 this class comprised 11.99 per cent. of the total population, and in 1901 it was 10.28 per cent.

Class VI.—Agricultural, Pastoral, Mineral, and other Primary Producers.

This class, which comprises but one order, is subdivided into seven sub-orders, may be taken to be the most important of any of the classes, inasmuch as it relates to the prosperity of this State, for it includes all those persons who were engaged in or connected with the primary industries. Whilst the professional and commercial classes are extremely important, they exist for or in conjunction with the persons included in this class. For it is the persons engaged in the primary industries who win from the ground in the first instance the commodities that constitute the exports of the State. It follows, therefore, that the larger the number of producers in a State in proportion to its total population the greater should be the prosperity of that State.

In comparing the number of persons returned as farmers in subsection 1., the small increase in 1901, as compared with those returned as farmers in 1891, is most noticeable ; but this is in some measure due, as has been already explained, to the fact that wives and daughters, &c., on farms were classed as farmers in 1891, whilst in 1901 they were treated as dependents unless mentioned in the schedule as

assisting on the farm. Again, amongst males, farm servants and labourers were in greater numbers in 1891 than in 1901. With respect to this decrease, seeing that plantation labourers showed a considerable increase, whilst the number of Pacific Islanders was nearly stationary, it is probable that in 1891 men properly belonging to workers on sugar plantations were returned as farm labourers. Market gardeners had increased in 1901 by 544. Fruit-growers advanced from 432 to 1,438, an increase of 1,006, which no doubt contributed in part to the reduction in farm labourers, the orchardist having come much into evidence during the decade. Coffee-growers had increased from 2 in 1891 to 116 in 1901 ; tobacco-growers from 105 to 147 ; sugar-planters, which includes the labourers on plantations, from 8,403 to 11,367 in the same period. Horticulturists and gardeners show reduced numbers owing to 843 gardeners having been tabulated in 1901 in Class II. as domestic. The above figures are for males. Amongst females there were 52 returned in 1901 as market gardeners against 8 in 1891, and 29 fruit-growers in 1901 against 8 in 1891, whilst there were only 311 returned as sugar-planters, &c., in 1901 against 615 in 1891, due to a diminution in the number of female Pacific Islanders on the sugar estates.

The total number of persons returned as being occupied in connection with some branch of agricultural pursuit in 1901 was 40,615 against 39,980 so returned in 1891, an increase of 635 persons ; which, in order to obtain a true comparison, should be still further increased by the number of gardeners transferred to the domestic class, and by females formerly shown as farmers and now tabulated as dependents, which I estimate at about 4,300. The total increase in the number of persons engaged in agricultural pursuits during the decennial period, taken on strictly comparative lines, I estimate to be 5,778 persons.

Sub-order 2 of Class VI. includes all those connected with pastoral pursuits, also dairy and poultry farmers, and in some of the items there have been considerable increases during the interval separating the two Censuses. Graziers, pastoralists, &c., have increased by 780 persons, managers by 382, and stockmen, labourers, &c., by 2,451. Dairy farmers show an increase of 2,235 persons, of whom 1,845 were males and 390 were females, the number of persons engaged in this branch of industry having trebled in the ten years.

The total number of persons returned in 1891 as being connected with pastoral pursuits was 14,304 persons, of whom 13,651 were males and 653 were females, against 20,890 persons in 1901, of whom 19,884 were males and 1,006 females, the increase during the intercensal period being 6,586 persons, 6,233 being males and 353 females.

A new Sub-order, No. 3, was added for the 1901 compilation, which contained 799 persons, and for which there was no corresponding division in the previous Census, but persons following these occupations were included in the sub-order relating to fishermen, &c., and were 168 in number. In this division are tabulated kangaroo-hunters, rabbiters, and others.

In Sub-order 4 are shown all persons engaged in connection with fisheries, and it may be useful to illustrate in tabular form the extent and direction of the increase which has taken place in the last ten years :—

The very large increase in the item " Others " is chiefly caused by the inclusion, in the 1901 Census, of aborigines engaged in the pearl-shell fisheries. All engaged in foresty are tabulated in Sub-order 5, included in which are timber-getters, splitters, &c. Of the last class there were 2,038 males returned in 1901 against 1,086 males so returned in 1891, the number of persons following these occupations having nearly doubled during the decennial period.

In Sub-order 6 are tabulated all persons connected with water conservancy and supply, and these had increased from 181 persons in 1891 to 560 persons in 1901.

This increase of 379 was, however, entirely due to a change in the classification, whereby well-sinkers in 1891 were classed as workers in earth, under Order XIX., now XXI. ; whereas, in 1901, a special line has been provided for them under Order XXIV., Sub-order 6. These numbered 468 at the last Census, thus reducing the increase to a decrease.

Sub-order 7 is an extremely important one, for in it are tabulated all persons connected with mines and quarries. There were 2 females returned as connected with mining in 1901 against 5 so returned in 1891, so that all the figures quoted will be practically those of males.

Three-fourths of all the persons returned as connected with the mining industry belonged to goldmines, for under this branch 12,734 persons were returned in 1901 against 8,206 in 1891 ; of the total number 9,459 were engaged in quartz-mining, the balance being either in alluvial or undefined. There were, therefore, over 50 per cent. more men engaged in gold-mining in 1901 than were so employed in 1891.

Coal was next to gold as an employer of labour, for there were 1,223 men employed in connection with coalmines in 1901 against 751 so returned in 1891, an increase in workers of 63 per cent. in the decennial period.

Tin is nearly as important as coal, as far as persons employed in obtaining it is concerned, since 1,156 men were returned as connected with tin-mining in 1901 against 912 in 1891—an increase of 244 men, equal to 27 per cent. In this connection it may be pointed out that the increase is almost entirely in Iode-mining, the increase in alluvial tin-miners being from 631 in 1891 to 657 in 1901, whilst Iode-workers had increased from 281 to 499 in the same period.

Silver-mining employed only 76 men in 1901 against 473 in 1891 ; whilst copper was exactly in the reverse position, 532 men being returned in connection with copper-mining in 1901 against only 25 in 1891. The activity in copper-mining at Chillagoe and Mount Garnet would account for this increase.

In quarries there were the same number of owners at both Censuses, viz., 7 ; but the men employed therein numbered 301 in 1901 against 158 in 1891.

The total number of persons employed in connection with mining and quarrying in 1901 was 16,870 against 11,627 in 1891, being an increase of 5,243 persons during the decennial period, equal to 45 per cent.

The total number of persons returned in Class VI., and the proportion the number in each sub-order bears to the total population, is as under. These do not include those dependent upon them:—

Class VII.—Indefinite.

Contains persons having independent means—pensioners, annuitants, &c. ; and whilst the total class shows a decrease, the following increases under the various headings quoted, by comparison with the number returned at the 1891 Census, are worthy of notice :—

Pensioners had increased during the intercensal period from 65 males and 4 females in 1891 to 157 males and 27 females in 1901. Annuitants during the same period had increased from 76 males and 88 females in 1891 to 230 males and 514 females in 1901.

Persons returning themselves on Census schedules as " Lady " or " Gentleman," and therefore supposed to possess independent means, increased from 132 males and 81 females in 1891 to 353 males and 150 females in 1901. Together with

persons who could not be included in any of the three foregoing classes, the total number in this class in 1901 was 1,935 against 2,393 in 1891. The numbers are not, however, strictly comparable with respect to the lines other than those above quoted ; but in the three definitions specially named the terms were synonymous, and the numbers correlative, and show large increases.

Class VIII.—Dependents.

In Class VIII. are tabulated all those persons who were dependent on others for their means of subsistence. In Sub-order 1 of Order XXVI. are placed those who performed domestic duties without payment. The first line, including " Wife, mother, and widow," increased from 47,762 in 1891 to 67,177 in 1901, and the next line, " Son, daughter, relative," from 11,136 in 1891 to 22,908 in 1901. Visitors who assisted in household duties were 1,271 in number in 1891, and had increased to 2,057 in 1901.

In Sub-order 2 are shown dependents who attended school, &c. These numbered 67,923 in 1891, and had increased to 102, 123, in 1901. Children taught at home numbered 6,556 in 1891, and had decreased to 5,358 in 1901, due probably to the extension of the school system and the greater facilities that now exist to enable children to reach school.

In Sub-order 3 the number of parents dependent upon children had increased from 475 in 1891 to 614 in 1901.

Children and relatives nearly all under 20 years of age, and not returned as engaged in domestic duties, numbered 68,902 persons in 1901. In 1891 these were entered in three separate lines, as " Child receiving no education," " Child at home," and as "Son, daughter, &c., not assisting in household duties," amounting in the aggregate to 72,728 persons. That the numbers in this sub-order were so much less in 1901 than they were in 1891 clearly indicates the greater facilities now existing for education, which leads to a larger proportion of young children being returned as attending school than formerly. Visitors were double the number at the latter enumeration, and the persons whose status was not sufficiently defined to admit of their inclusion under any of the specified heads were shown as " Others," and numbered 2,157 at the 1901 Census against 111 in 1891.

The total number of persons in that portion of the dependent class comprised in Order number XXVI.—that is, excluding inmates of hospitals, &c., and criminals—in 1901, was 274,798, of whom 90,866 were males and 183,932 were females, against 209,546 persons so classed in 1891, of whom 72,975 were males and 136,571 were females.

In addition to children, parents, relations, &c., there were also included in the dependent class inmates of hospitals, benevolent, lunatic, and orphan asylums, &c. ; and although many of the inmates of these institutions are only temporarily dependent, yet, as their places are taken by others when they are discharged, the number as a factor in the population is a fairly constant one.

The number of inmates of hospitals which in 1891 was returned at 958, had risen to 1,276 in 1901 ; similarly inmates of benevolent asylums had increased from 666 in 1891 to 1,382 in 1901, or more than doubled in the ten years. Lunatics in asylums had increased from 1,104 in 1891 to 1,706 in 1901, an increase of over 45 per cent. State orphans had increased from 752 in 1891 to 1,151 in 1901, an increase of 53 per cent. in the ten years.

In comparing the total number of those dependent upon private or State charity at each of the two Censuses, it is necessary to note that there was a slightly different method adopted in classifying inmates of reformatories and industrial schools ; ignoring this, however, it is found that public dependents had increased from 3,762 in 1891 to 5,642 in 1901. In the latter case the males numbered 3,501 and females 2,141, and the whole number had increased by 1,880 persons, being at the rate of 50 per cent., whilst the population had only increased by 28 per cent.

The number of criminals actually under detention at the Census 1901 was 669 persons, in addition to which there were 163 inmates of reformatories and industrial schools. In 1891 there were 679 inmates of gaols, &c., and only 29 inmates of reformatories.

The number of dependents and their relative proportion to the total population may therefore be stated as under :—

Table CV. furnishes the number of persons of each occupation in age groups, distinguishing the numbers of each sex.

Table CVI. shows the number of persons, male and female, tabulated in alphabetical order under each head of occupation.

Table CVII. shows, by Census districts, the number of domestic servants employed in households, and the number of householders employing them. The number of servants in each household is shown in the different columns. The numbers given include both male and female, and the number of servants employed at hotels and boarding-houses is shown in a separate column.

These establishments employed altogether 3,076 servants of both sexes, and in private houses there was a further number of 12,778 persons so employed. These figures do not agree with those furnished in tables under the Domestic Class, which contain all those following domestic occupations, whether they were then in a situation or not. The numbers given in this table represent the number of domestic servants actually in service at the time of the Census, the total being 15,854 persons.

Table CVIII. shows the number of Chinese, Pacific Islanders, and other coloured races and aborigines engaged in each class of occupation, and it may be seen that the proportions of each section of the coloured races who were engaged in some from of agriculture were as follow :—Chinese, 49 per cent. ; Pacific Islanders, 83 per cent. ; Japanese, 39 per cent. ; natives of India and Ceylon, 36 per cent. ; other aliens, 21 per cent. Anyone desirous of ascertaining how far the coloured alien population of Queensland competes with whites in any particular calling or industry can ascertain, by reference to this table, exactly how many persons of each coloured race were employed in connection with such calling at the Census time 1901.

Table CIX. shows the previous occupations of prisoners, distinguishing males and females, and showing the numbers returned in each district.

Part IX.—SYNOPSES—STATE AND DISTRICTS.

This Part consists of summary tables, one for the whole State as well as one for each Census district, giving the total figures by sexes under each head of inquiry. From these it is possible to obtain for nearly any given locality the results of the varied information contained in the schedules, and which have been furnished with such a wealth of detail in the preceding tables of the compilation.

Part X.—SICKNESS—INFIRMITY.

In considering the subjects upon which it was desirable to ask for information in the Census schedules at the Conference of Statisticians, held in Sydney, it was considered that, as many persons objected to furnish particulars regarding such of their family as might be subject to idiocy, fits, &c., it would be better to limit the inquiries to questions not likely to wound the sensibilities of those called upon to supply the information. It was, therefore, decided that the subjects of inquiry should relate only to Sickness, Accident, Deaf and Dumb, and Blind. Information on these subjects is tabulated in Table CLXXV.

The number of sick in 1891 was returned in the Census tables at 2,969 persons, of whom 2,045 were males and 924 were females. In 1901 the sick had increased to 4,141 persons, of whom 2,622 were males and 1,519 were females. Whether the facilities for nursing were greater in 1901, and led to a larger number being returned as sick, or the public health not so good, I am unable to say.

Those suffering from accidents in 1891 numbered 777 persons, being 676 males and 101 females ; whilst in 1901 they amounted to 484 persons, of whom 418 were males and 66 females.

Of those suffering from sickness there were 1,088 in public hospitals and 3,053 in private houses and establishments, and of those suffering from accidents there were 109 in public hospitals and 375 privately cared for.

Deaf and dumb persons in 1891 numbered 154 persons, of whom 102 were males and 52 females ; and in 1901 there were 249 persons so returned, of whom 154 were males and 95 females.

The blind in 1891 numbered 199 persons, of whom 138 were males and 61 females ; and in 1901 there were 209 blind persons, of whom 95 were males and 114 females.

The following table contrasts in this respect the results of the two Census enumerations :—

From this table it will be seen that whilst the sick have increased in proportion to the total population by 0.07 per cent. during the intercensal period, and the deaf and dumb by 0.01 per cent., persons suffering from accidents were less by 0.10 per cent., or exactly one-half, and blind persons had also decreased in ratio 0.01 per cent.

It is remarkable that there should be so many more females blind than males at the 1901 enumeration, since at the previous Census the blind males out-numbered the blind females by more than two to one.

The numbers returned from each district are shown in Table CLXXV.

COST OF CENSUS.

As already stated, a time more unpropitious for taking a Census could scarcely have existed. Whilst drought conditions obtained over by far the greater portion of Western Queensland, heavy rains had fallen in many of the coastal districts, and floods occurred in the extreme North, so that all traveling was done under the greatest disadvantages. There was no lack of applicants for the position of collector, but great care had to be exercised in selecting suitable men. That the Enumerators were fairly successful in their selection may be judged from the fact that the collectors all covered their districts without mishap.

The rates demanded by collectors were much in excess of those paid in 1891—when there was a favourable season, with abundance of grass and water everywhere—for the sufficient reason that a large outlay for horse feed had to be made on this occasion, not only for the trip, but for some time previously, to get horses into fair condition, whilst nothing of the kind was necessary in 1891.

The floods in the North delayed the collectors and extended the time taken, both in distribution and in collection, far beyond what would have been necessary had ordinary weather been experienced.

The result of all this was to increase the cost of the work to a very large extent ; and whereas, in 1891, the cost of distribution and collection of schedules amounted to £10,784 3s. 3d., similar services cost in 1901 £14,350 7s. 6d. The cost at the 1891 Census being 6.57d. per head, whilst the cost at the 1901 Census was 6.80d. per head. Taking into account the greater number of districts, and the much larger number of persons to be recorded, the rate per head does not amount to a very serious sum, since the additional cost of 0.23d. per head on a population

of 503,266 comes to £482 5s.Illegiblethe season or 1901 been as favourable for traveling as any ordinary season, the distribution and collection of the Census would have been done equally well for some £2,000 less.

Some saving was effected in 1891 by police officers undertaking the collection in the most remote portions of districts, but the police force was not utilised at all on this occasion. The liability to have calls on police duty at a time when they should be out collecting, and so being compelled to neglect Census work, or the danger of being wanted for police duty, and unobtainable because of absence on Census duty, decided against their being employed. By utilizing the services of the police, however, much expense could be saved, and a lengthened patrol throughout the district would probably have its advantages.

Should another Census be taken in 1906, I should recommend the careful consideration of this point.

After mature consideration, it was resolved to issue one map, showing the names and boundaries of each Census districts, and sufficient local features—such as towns, rivers, mountain ranges, &c.—as would enable the reader to localise the districts ; but a reproduction of detailed maps of each locality has been omitted. The tables given have been, in many cases, amplified by the inclusion of details not before supplied, and only a few tables furnished at previous enumerations have been omitted. The result of the alterations thus made, so far as the expenses of printing only are concerned, has been to effect a saving in the printing account of £523 10s. ; the cost of printing being £1,335 14s. 9d. for the 1901 Census, against £1,859 4s. 9d. for that of 1891.

At this point I desire to tender my thanks to the Government Printer and his staff for the great assistance they so willingly rendered in the portion of the work devolving upon them.

The total cost of the Census, including all expenses, and deducting the value of articles of furniture, &c., taken over at its conclusion by other departments, was £25,945 11s. 9d., equal to 12.37d. per head on the total number of persons enumerated, whilst the cost of the previous Census was £21,935 13s. 9d., equal to 13.37d. per head. So that a saving in the cost of enumeration equal exactly to 1d. per head has been effected in the 1901 Census, as compared with that of 1891, and this, notwithstanding very adverse weather conditions, and the fact that the whole of the equipment had to be obtained anew.

In conclusion, I must express my satisfaction at the completion of the work in a manner that I believe to be accurate in all its details. It is impossible to say that every individual in Queensland on the 31st of March, 1901, was included in the enumeration ; some few must escape, but there is every reason to believe that the total number of those who were missed was quite insignificant—too insignificant to affect the percentages in any particulars—and that the results obtained by the expenditure on the Census has been to establish a record of the state of the population of Queensland as to its ages, education, religion, occupation, &c., on a given date, authoritatively and accurately.

I have, &c.,

J. HUGHES,

Registrar-General.

Brisbane, 18th September, 1902.

PART I.

POPULATION—GENERAL SUMMARIES.